Higher Principles

Which principle states that contradictory statements cannot both be true at the same time?

• Principle of Identity

• Principle of Sufficient Reason

• Principle of Non-Contradiction

• Principle of Excluded Middle

According to the Principle of Identity, an object is:

• What it is and also something else

• What it is and nothing else

• Constantly changing

• What it is but not necessarily different from something else

The Principle of Sufficient Reason suggests that:

• Some events have no explanation

• Everything must have a reason or cause

• We should not seek explanations for things

• The universe is chaotic and unpredictable

What does the Principle of Excluded Middle assert?

• Every statement has a middle ground

• Some statements can be both true and false

• Every statement is either true or false, with no middle ground

• Contradictory statements are always true

According to the Principle of Non-Contradiction, if a statement is true, its negation is:

• Also true

• False

• irrelevant

• Both true and false

Who is often associated with the Principle of Sufficient Reason and argued for the existence of a necessary being?

• Immanuel Kant

• Søren Kierkegaard

• Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau

The Principle of Excluded Middle is a fundamental concept in which branch of philosophy?

• Ethics

• Epistemology

• Metaphysics

• Aesthetics

Which principle states that each thing is the same with itself and different from another?

• Principle of Identity

• Principle of Excluded Middle

• Principle of Sufficient Reason

• Principle of Non-Contradiction

Which of the following best summarizes the Principle of Sufficient Reason?

• Some things have reasons; others don't.

• Everything has a reason or cause for its existence or attributes.

• We don't need to seek reasons for things.

• Some things exist without any explanation.

The Principle of Excluded Middle is closely related to other principles to form the core of which type of logic?

• Fuzzy logic

• Intuitionistic logic

• Classical logic

• Modal logic