unit 4 wold hisptry

The author uses all of the following as evidence to support his argument about the impact of smallpox on Native American populations EXCEPT

• many Native Americans who contracted smallpox died from it

• the English settlers tried to help the Native Americans who were afflicted with smallpox

  C

• the Native Americans feared smallpox more than any other disease

• smallpox was widespread among Native Americans

The author invokes which of the following to support his claim that smallpox’s impact on European settlers was different from its impact on Native Americans?

• Pseudoscientific theories of European racial superiority

• Evidence from population genetics

• Ideas about the role of divine providence in human affairs

• Protestant ideas about hard work and economic success as markers of personal virtue

The passage implies that the author was aware of smallpox being an infectious disease. Which of the following can best be cited as evidence of that claim?

• The author’s statement that Native Americans lived in a “trading house” near the English settlement

• The author’s statement that smallpox was so debilitating that those afflicted with it could not “make a fire, or fetch water to drink”

  C

• The author’s statement that the English settlers “took pity” at the sight of the Native Americans’ suffering

• The author’s statement that no English settlers fell ill, even though “many performed these favors for the Indians for weeks”

The contents of the letter are best understood in the context of which of the following aspects of the historical situation in sub-Saharan Africa in the early 1600s?

• Political, religious, and economic rivalries shaped European colonial policies in Africa.

• State centralization in Europe led to a change from joint-stock company control to direct imperial control in many colonial territories.

• The arrival of Europeans led to the conquest and destruction of many native African states

• Religious conflicts stemming from the spread of Islam from North Africa made sub-Saharan African states vulnerable to European conquest.

The point of view expressed by the Dutch West India Company’s directors in the letter can best be described as

• evenhanded in describing the benefits and detriments of various proposed options to the States General

• shaped by views of European cultural and religious superiority over African peoples, which the States General representatives would have been likely to share

• dismissive in its evaluation of the military and strategic importance of the kingdom of Kongo to the Netherlands

• seeking to steer the States General representatives into taking action that would benefit the company financially

The report’s position on the proposed transfer of Luanda to the Dutch is best understood in light of the authors’ goal to

• secure profits from the rapidly expanding trans-Atlantic slave trade

• highlight the gender and family imbalances created by the slave trade

• recommend that the company expand its operations to the Indian Ocean and the spice islands of Southeast Asia

• offer a comparison between the profitability of East African versus West African slave trade routes

Which of the following best describes the author’s argument in the first paragraph?

• The demographic makeup of Barbadian society and the structure of its economy make existing punishments for enslaved people justified.

• Barbadian enslaved people are punished more leniently than those working on the larger plantations of French Caribbean islands.

• Plantation owners who punish enslaved people too harshly are not fulfilling their duties as Christians to treat the less fortunate kindly.

• The punishments of enslaved people in Barbados are the result of a long experience of deadly uprisings and anti-planter violence on the island.

The fact that the Russian tsar insisted in the last paragraph that some ambassadors be treated differently from others best illustrates which of the following about international politics in the period circa 1650–1750 ?

• The Christian countries of Europe had banded together to defeat the threat from the Muslim Ottoman Empire.

• Russia had encountered significant resistance to its plans for further territorial expansion from some of the established states in eastern and southern Europe

• Poland and the Ottoman Empire both felt threatened by the rising military might of Russia.

• The Zaporozhian Cossacks, Russia, and most other European countries were bound by international treaties prohibiting the mistreatment of ambassadors.

Which of the following would a historian most likely cite as evidence in support of the author’s argument in the second paragraph of the passage?

• The Ottoman millet system, an arrangement designed to utilize the economic contributions of non-Muslim groups within the empire while granting them limited autonomy to organize their communal affairs under their own religious leaders

• The Ottoman practice of devshirme, a military levy of Christian boys who would be converted to Islam and trained as Ottoman Janissary soldiers or bureaucrats in state service

• The Ottoman practice of farming out the collection of taxes to local private individuals (some of them non-Muslim), because of the shortage of trained government financial officials

• The Ottoman sultans’ continued powers of granting final approval for any high-ranking appointment of a non-Muslim religious leader, including the power to approve patriarchs and bishops of the various Christian communities and chief rabbis of the Jewish community

All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which might best be used to undermine or modify the author’s argument in the second paragraph?

• Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire faced considerable restrictions on their religious practices, legal rights, and social freedoms.

• Christian and Jewish communities in many other Muslim states in the period circa 1450–1750 enjoyed some of the same rights as Ottoman Christians and Jews did.

• The Ottoman Empire was a preferred destination for Jews fleeing religious persecution in Europe, as well as for Protestant Christian groups fleeing Catholic persecution in Central and Eastern Europe.

• Many Ottoman Christians and Jews achieved great financial success through commercial activities, including long-distance trade