Category 2 Review

Identify the parts of the nucleotide shown:

• 1) Ribose Sugar      2) Phosphate 
  3)  Nitrogen Base
• 1) Deoxyribose Sugar
  2) Phosphate
  3) Nitrogen Base
• 1) Phosphate
  2) Ribose Sugar
  3) Nitrogen Base
• 1)  Phosphate
  2) Deoxyribose Sugar
  3)  Nitrogen Base

Why would it be important to replicate DNA before a cell divides in mitosis or meiosis?

• In order for genetic information to be transferred into daughter cells.
• In order for the cell to be able to increase in size.
• In order for the DNA to be contained in the nucleus.
• In order for the cell to re-order the DNA sequencing in the new cells.

The rate at which a particular type of cell divides is linked to the body’s need for that cell type. Skin cells are typically exposed to more damaging conditions than are liver cells. Skin cells must be replaced more often than liver cells. Therefore, which of these statements is true?

• Skin cells and liver cells divide at the same rate.

• Liver cells divide more often than skin cells.

• Skin cells divide more often than liver cells.

• Neither skin cells nor liver cells divide.

Match the following.

• Telophase

• 
• Prophase

• 
• Anaphase

• 
• Metaphase

• 

Why are insertion and deletion mutations so harmful?

• They change all of the codons from the mutation on down the line, which changes the amino acid sequence

• They insert things that an organism doesn't need.

• They often delete things that organisms need.

• Insertion and deletions are not any more harmful than substitution mutations.

A segment of DNA produces methionine, threonine, histidine, aspartate, and glycine when translated. A substitution mutation occurs and causes the sythesis of the segment shown. Which is the new peptide chain when the new DNA segment is translated?

• methionine, leucine, histidine, aspartate, glycine
• methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, aspartate, glycine
• Methionine, proline, histidine, aspartate, glycine
• methionine, serine, histidine, aspartate, glycine

Match the following

• point mutation

• causes the “reading frame” of the codons to shift forwards or backwards. This can change the entire sequence of amino acids.

• silent mutation

• causes a codon to code for a different amino acid than the original one.

• nonsense mutation

• causes a stop codon instead of a normal amino acid codon. This causes translation to be terminated prematurely, causing a shorter protein. 

• frameshift mutation

• have no effect on the amino acids produced during protein synthesis.

• missence mutation

• causes a change to one base and potentially one amino acid of the polypeptide chain

What is the function of Phase B?

• the chromosomes enter a relaxed state that allows the enzyme DNA polymerase to access the DNA double helix inside each chromosome.

• extra protein is often synthesized, and the organelles multiply until there are enough for two cells.

• the cell synthesizes various enzymes and nutrients that are needed later on for DNA replication and cell division.

Which sequence of DNA bases would pair with this partial strand
ATG TGA CAG

• ATG TGA CAG
• TAC ACT GTC
• GTA AGT GAC
• CAT TCA CTG

Replicate the following strand of DNA: 
AATCATGGA

• AATCATGGA
• TTAGTACCT
• UUAGUACCU
• GGATAUCUA