Differential educational achievement: Class (External factors)

Argued that the working class have a subculture of fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification and present-time orientation.

• Hubbs-Tait
• Bernstein
• Douglas
• Sugarman

Argued that parental attitudes towards education lead to class differences in achievement.

• Hubbs-Tait
• Douglas
• Sugarman
• Feinstein

Stated that middle class parenting styles are more consistent in terms of discipline and educational behaviours.

• Hubbs-Tait
• Bernstein
• Douglas
• Feinstein

Agued that middle class parents challenge their children to evaluate their thinking leading to higher levels of cognitive ability.

• Hubbs-Tait
• Bernstein
• Douglas
• Sugarman
• Feinstein

Argued that working class and middle class people use different language codes.

• Bernstein
• Douglas
• Sugarman
• Feinstein

Found that children from poorer families have poorer diets and nutrition which leads to higher absence rates.

• Tanner
• Smith and Noble
• Ridge
• Howard

Found that working class students cannot afford private tuition or private education.

• Flaherty
• Smith and Noble
• Ridge
• Howard

Found that there is a stigma attached to those on free school meals which prevent families from taking up these entitlements

• Flaherty
• Smith and Noble
• Ridge
• Howard

Highlighted that working class students need to take on paid work while still at school to help the family financially.

• Tanner
• Flaherty
• Ridge
• Howard

Argues that the cost of books, computer, trips, uniform and equipment can put a heavy burden on working class families.

• Tanner
• Flaherty
• Ridge
• Howard