IB Psych: Cognitive Approach

The memory of facts and events and refers to those memories that can be consciously recalled.

• Declarative memory

• Episodic memory

• Procedural memory

• Semantic memory

The memory of specific events that have occurred at a given time and in a given place.

• Declarative memory

• Episodic memory

• Procedural memory

• Semantic memory

(“knowing how”) is the unconscious memory of skills and how to do things.

• Declarative memory

• Episodic memory

• Procedural memory

• Semantic memory

General knowledge of facts and people, for example, concepts and schemas and it is not linked to time and place.

• Declarative memory

• Episodic memory

• Procedural memory

• Semantic memory

Brown & Kulik’s theory that memories created as the result of high levels of emotion – particularly surprise – are like “photographs.” The theory argues that a lot of peripheral and irrelevant information is retained.

• Reconstructive memory

• Flashbulb memory

• Multi Store Model

• Working memory model

The theory that short-term memory is not a single store but rather consists of a number of different stores.

• Reconstructive memory

• Flashbulb memory

• Multi Store Model

• Working Memory Model

Proposed that memory consisted of three stores: a sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM)

• Reconstructive memory

• Flashbulb memory

• Multi Store Model

• Working memory model

The theory that memories are accessed as a collection of independent memories put together, not a single whole memory.

• Reconstructive memory

• Flashbulb memory

• Multi Store Model

• Working memory model

When an individual relies too heavily on an initial piece of information offered when making decisions.

• Availability heuristic

• Framing effect

• Anchoring bias

• Primacy effect

Recalling information presented earlier in a list of information better than information presented later on

• Availability heuristic

• Framing effect

• Anchoring bias

• Primacy effect