Biology Review 2023

Bacillus thuringienses (Bt) bacteria produce a natural insecticide. Widespread use of Bt has lead to Bt resistance among insects. Why is this occurring?

•  Individual insects that have mutations providing resistance to Bt can survive in the presence of Bt. The survivors pass this Bt resistance on to their offspring.

• Bt-resistant insects increase in the population by chance. There are so many insects that some of them are resistant to each type of insecticide.

• In the presence of Bt, individual insects evolve to become Bt resistant.

• Natural selection causes insects to generate genes providing resistance to Bt.

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A ship that had been used for many years in arctic exploration was sold and moved to a harbor in the warm waters of the Caribbean. Worms that had lived on the ship bottom crawled off in the warm waters and attempted to attach to other ships in this tropical area where there were no similar worms. Some of the worms were able to survive and reproduce. What would you expect to happen to this group of worms over many generations in this new environment?

•  The worms will mate and produce offspring just as they did in their previous environment, and the group’s traits will likely remain unchanged after many generations.

• The worms will gain new, more complex traits through natural selection that will help them better adapt to the warmer waters because natural selection leads to more complex and better adapted organisms.

• Worms possessing genetic variations that help them to survive and thrive in the new environment will leave more offspring than others lacking those traits. Over time, the proportion of the worm population with these adaptive traits will likely increase.

• The mutation rate will increase in this group of worms in order to promote evolution.

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 A chef sprays antimicrobial cleaner on her counter top. At first, the bacteria population declines significantly. However, even though she continues to spray in following weeks, the number of bacteria begins to increase again. Why did this happen?

• Some bacteria had traits that allowed them to survive the initial antimicrobial application. They produced offspring also carrying those traits.

• After the application of antimicrobial spray, the bacteria needed to adapt by developing antimicrobial spray-resistant traits.

• The antimicrobial compound caused a mutation for resistance to it. This trait increased in the population over time.

• The bacteria that tried hardest to become resistant left more offspring, who were also resistant.

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Flight is believed to have evolved a few different times through evolutionary time and in a few different ways.  Examine the wings below and chose the correct explanation for the diagram.

• The butterfly wing and bird wing share similar internal structures so they should be considered homologous organisms.

• The butterfly wing is not an adaptation because insects have always have wings.

•  The butterfly wing and bird wing serve a similar function, but evolved separately and have different structures that makes them an example of convergent evolution.

• The butterfly and bird evolved from one common ancestor, they each could fly at this time and then evolved the wing shapes that they have now. The butterfly wing and bird wing move in the same pattern in order for them to fly.

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By reference to the tree above, which of the following is an accurate statement of relationships?

• A green alga is more closely related to a red alga than to a moss

• A green alga is more closely related to a moss than to a red alga

•  A green alga is equally related to a red alga and a moss

• A green alga is related to a red alga, but is not related to a moss

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The Theory of Natural Selection was developed by:

• Charles Darwin by himself

• Alfred Russel Wallace by himself

• Alfred Wagner

• Charles Darwin and Sir Alfred Russel Wallace

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An example of artificial selection is:

• The diversity of dog breeds

• The speed of the cheetah

• The forelimbs of bats and whales

• DNA

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Mutations are:

• Changes in shape due to what you think will help you to survive

• Random changes in a DNA sequence

• Done by your DNA to improve your success

• Always harmful to an organism

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Look at the diagram below and explain what type of mutation occurred.

• Deletion

• Subtraction

• Addition

• Substitution

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Look at the diagram and explain what type of mutation occurred.

• Deletion

• Subtraction

• Addition

• Substitution

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