Matter and Energy Final Exam 10/30- 10/31

What is the process called when a solid changes directly into a gas?

• Condensation

• Sublimation

• Deposition

• Evaporation

Answer explanation

The process when a solid changes directly into a gas is called sublimation. This occurs without passing through the liquid phase, unlike evaporation, which involves a liquid turning into a gas.

Which of the following is an example of kinetic energy?

• A stretched rubber band

• A moving car

• A charged battery

• A book on a shelf

Answer explanation

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. A moving car is an example of kinetic energy because it is in motion, while the other options represent potential energy or stored energy.

Tags

NGSS.MS-PS3-1

NGSS.MS-PS3-5

In a chemical reaction, what is the term for the substances that are produced?

• Reactants

• Catalysts

• Products

• Inhibitors

Answer explanation

In a chemical reaction, the substances that are produced as a result of the reaction are called 'products'. Reactants are the starting materials, while catalysts and inhibitors affect the reaction rate but are not produced.

Tags

NGSS.HS-PS1-7

Which law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed?

• Law of Conservation of Mass

• Law of Conservation of Energy

• Law of Thermodynamics

• Law of Inertia

Answer explanation

The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. This distinguishes it from the Law of Conservation of Mass, which pertains to matter.

Tags

NGSS.HS-PS3-1

What is the main form of energy involved in phase changes?

• Nuclear energy

• Chemical energy

• Thermal energy

• Electrical energy

Answer explanation

The main form of energy involved in phase changes is thermal energy. It is responsible for the heat transfer that causes substances to change from solid to liquid (melting) or liquid to gas (vaporization), and vice versa.

Tags

NGSS.HS-PS3-4

Explain why ice melts at room temperature using the concept of energy transfer.

• Ice absorbs thermal energy from the surroundings, increasing the kinetic energy of its molecules.

• Ice releases thermal energy to the surroundings, decreasing the kinetic energy of its molecules.

• Ice absorbs chemical energy from the surroundings, increasing the potential energy of its molecules.

• Ice releases chemical energy to the surroundings, decreasing the potential energy of its molecules.

Answer explanation

Ice melts at room temperature because it absorbs thermal energy from the surroundings. This energy increases the kinetic energy of the ice molecules, causing them to move more rapidly and transition into the liquid state.

Tags

NGSS.HS-PS3-4

Which of the following best describes an endothermic reaction?

• A reaction that releases energy in the form of heat

• A reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings

• A reaction that occurs without any energy change

• A reaction that releases energy in the form of light

Answer explanation

An endothermic reaction is characterized by the absorption of energy from the surroundings, which distinguishes it from exothermic reactions that release energy. Therefore, the correct choice is that it absorbs energy.

Tags

NGSS.HS-PS1-4

How does the conservation of mass apply to a chemical reaction?

• The total mass of reactants is greater than the total mass of products.

• The total mass of reactants is less than the total mass of products.

• The total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products.

• The total mass of reactants is unrelated to the total mass of products.

Answer explanation

The conservation of mass states that in a chemical reaction, the total mass of reactants must equal the total mass of products. This means that matter is neither created nor destroyed during the reaction.

Tags

NGSS.HS-PS1-7

Describe how energy is conserved in a closed system during a chemical reaction.

• Energy is lost to the surroundings, decreasing the total energy of the system.

• Energy is gained from the surroundings, increasing the total energy of the system.

• Energy is transformed from one form to another, keeping the total energy constant.

• Energy is destroyed, reducing the total energy of the system.

Answer explanation

In a closed system, energy is conserved during a chemical reaction by transforming from one form to another, such as from potential energy to kinetic energy, while the total energy remains constant.

Tags

NGSS.HS-PS1-4

NGSS.HS-PS3-4

A student observes that a metal rod expands when heated. Which principle of thermodynamics does this observation illustrate?

• First Law of Thermodynamics

• Second Law of Thermodynamics

• Third Law of Thermodynamics

• Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Answer explanation

The observation of a metal rod expanding when heated illustrates the First Law of Thermodynamics, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. Here, thermal energy is converted into kinetic energy, causing expansion.