Module 3: The Geosphere Review

When magma crystallizes (cools and solidifies) below the Earth’s surface, it forms what?

• Metamorphic rocks

• Sedimentary rocks

• Intrusive igneous rocks

• Extrusive igneous rocks

Answer explanation

Intrusive, or plutonic, igneous rock forms when magma is trapped and solidifies deep inside the Earth.

Which among these statements does NOT correctly describe intensity?

• It uses a localized scale called PEIS for measurement.

• It is the calculated energy released by an earthquake at the focus

• It uses Roman numerals and does not have decimal values

• It is the strength of an earthquake as perceived and felt by people at a certain locality.

Answer explanation

The calculated energy released by an earthquake at the focus refers to the earthquake's MAGNITUDE.

It is a type of surface wave in which the waves roll along the ground, similar to ocean waves.

• Rayleigh waves

• Love waves

• Primary waves

• Secondary waves

Answer explanation

A Rayleigh wave rolls along the ground with a more complex motion than Love waves. Because it rolls, it moves the ground up and down, and forward and backward in the direction that the wave is moving.

Tags

NGSS.HS-PS4-1

It is the earthquake hazard characterized by the disruptive up, down, and sideways vibration of the ground during an earthquake.

• Ground rupture

• Ground shaking

• Liquefaction

• Earthquake-induced Landslide

Answer explanation

Ground shaking is the disruptive up, down, and sideways vibration of the ground during an earthquake.

The strength of shaking depends on various factors like the physical profile of the area and the features of the fault rupture.

The point at the Earth’s surface directly above the source of the earthquake is called _________.

Answer explanation

The epicenter is the projection to the surface, perpendicular to the hypocenter that reflects the intensity of an earthquake.

It is a path where active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes occur.

• Atlantic Ring of Fire

• Antarctic Ring of Fire

• Pacific Ring of Fire

• Australian Ring of Fire

Answer explanation

The Pacific Ring of Fire, also referred to as the Circum-Pacific Belt, is a path along the Pacific Ocean characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. The majority of Earth’s volcanoes and earthquakes take place along the Ring of Fire.

Tags

NGSS.MS-ESS2-3

NGSS.MS-ESS3-2

These are molten rocks that already flowed into the surface.

• Magma

• Ash

• Lava

• Lahar

Answer explanation

When a volcano erupts, the molten rock (or magma) that comes out of the Earth is called lava.

Which type of volcano based on form has a tall and symmetrical shape

• Caldera

• Cinder Cone

• Shield

• Composite

Answer explanation

Composite volcanoes are tall, symmetrically shaped, with steep sides, sometimes rising 10,000 feet high. They are built of alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash, and cinders.

Based on the figure, which of the following rock layers is the oldest?

• K

• L

• P

• Q

Answer explanation

The oldest layer is Layer Q because it is the bottommost layer

Tags

NGSS.MS-ESS1-4

The diagram represents four rock outcrops found 15 km apart from each other. Which fossil could be classified as an index fossil?

• 
• 
• 
• 

Answer explanation

The encircled fossil is the index fossil because it is consistently found in the second rock layer (starting from the top) among all rock outcrops. It is also not found in other rock layers.

Tags

NGSS.MS-LS4-1