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This action is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus. It is made possible by neural pathways which can act on an impulse before that impulse reaches the brain and does not require conscious thought. Which of the following actions is described above?

• Defense

• Reflex

• Initiation

• Neuralgia

A research group is investigating a complex of three enzymes. They have created cultures of myocytes derived from high-performance college athletes and simulated starvation conditions. After the experiment they concluded that during starvation the amount of this complex in the muscle tissue was higher. The complex converts pyruvate into acetyl-coenzyme-which enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) under aerobic conditions. This reaction also involves the further reduction of NAD+ molecules into NADH. An activating effect of which of the following enzymes is described above?

• Hexokinase

• Lactate dehydrogenas

• Phosphorylase

• Pyruvate dehydrogenase

With total starvation the only source of water for the body is the oxidation process of organic compounds. Which of the following substances under these conditions is the main source of endogenic water?

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Lipoproteins

• Glycoproteins

The healthcare provider performs a complete blood count to find out if the bone marrow is making the right number of blood cells. He studies a blood cell that has no nucleus and has a function to react to bleeding of an injured blood vessel by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot. Which of the following is the main object of testing?

• Macrophages

• Prothrombine

• Leukocytes

• Platelets Stem cells

A medical student studies a waste disposal system in human epithelial cells. During electronic microscopy he reveals the spherical vesicles, surrounded by a membrane and containing many different hydrolytic enzymes. The main function of these organelles is to provide intracellular digestion and protective reactions of the cell. Which of the following organelles is mentioned above?

• Ribosomes

• Mitochondria

• Lysosomes

• Centrosomes

A biology graduate student is performing an experiment in the immunology laboratory. He studies a blood cell count from a patient with acute appendicitis, which shows an increase in the number of cells having a multilobed nucleus and multiple cytoplasmic granules. These cells engulf pathogens or necrotic tissue and help in the degradation of foreign products. Which of the following procescsses is seen in the cell desbribed above?

• Osmosis

• Parietal digestion

• Phagocytosis

• Passive diffusion

A bone marrow biopsy of an 8-year-old girl shows a group of cells which has undergone the process of pyknosis and loss of the nucleus during its differentiation. Which of the following types of hemopoiesis is characterised by the morphological changes described above?

• Monocytopoesis

• Granulocytopoesis

• Erytropoesis

• Lymphocytopoesis

A 28-year-old male patient presents to the physician with pain and discomfort in his right lower extremity. On physical exam, palpation of the patient’s pulses reveals the absence of pulsation in the dorsalis pedis and tibialis posterior arteries, while the pulsation on the femoral artery is present. The skin of his extremity is also pale and cold/ Which of the following arteries is most likely damaged in this patient?

• Descending genicular artery

• Popliteal artery

• Tibial artery

• External iliac artery

A pathologist studies a specimen of the small bean-shaped structure which is the part of human immune system. In a cross section it consists of an outer layer (cortex) and inner layer (medulla), and is surrounded by a fibrous capsule and subscapular sinus and is about 1.8 cm long. Which of the following is being studied by the pathologist?

• Parathyroid gland

• Spleen

• Lymph node

• Thymus

A 25-year-old male presents to an emergency department with suddenonset right-sided pleuritic chest pain and breathlessness. On examination, he has arterial blood saturation of 90% in air and is afebrile. An X- ray shows a lung edge visible in the right hemithorax, beyond which no lung markings are seen. Which of the following conditions has most likely occured in this patient?

• Pleurisy

• Pneumothorax

• Rib fracture

• Aerophagy