Challenge 3

According to Nunan, D. (2016): "Data from the study showed that individual learner variables resulted in learning experiences and perceptions that were unique to each individual." (p. 75). According to the text, mention 5 factors that are considered as learner variables.

According to Nunan, D. (2016), what would be the major challenge when investigating the factors of learner variables?

• The lack of prior research and the costs associated with it.

• Choosing effective tools to measure the factors to be investigated.

• They are psychological constructs that cannot be directly seen.

______ referred to acquire a language for external purposes, such as business, getting a job, obtaining a degree, etc.

If a person wants to learn a language to set up a business and improve their economic stability in another country, that would be considered as integrative motivation.

• True

• False

"It is observed that a group of students, despite being the same age and having the same language instruction, obtain different results. While one student excels in phonology, others do better in grammar tasks, and others in listening activities". To which of the concepts raised by Nunan, D. (2016) can be associated with the previous phenomenon?

• Brain plasticity

• Submersion

• Aptitude

• Affect

According to the author, early language instruction will be more fruitful if: (select all that are correct)

• Resources are invested in English instruction.

• Teaching continues to be consistent throughout the school years.

• Teachers are well trained (native or native-like proficiency.)

• Attending a compulsory bilingual school is mandatory.

According to the author, the critical theory hypothesis is one of the most consistent theories and proves that language instruction must take place before puberty in order to succeed in proficiency.

• True

• False

Explain in your own words the inconsistencies that Nunan, D. (2016), raises about the critical theory hypothesis.