Biological Approach Review

Research by Rogers & Kesner supported the theory that acetylcholine plays a role in

• The onset of Alzheimer's disease

• The aging process of rats

• The ability to solve a puzzle or maze

• The transfer of memory from short-term memory to long-term memory

Looking at the list of neurotransmitters below, which ones do you think are involved in falling in love?

• serotonin

• dopamine

• noradrenaline (norephinephrine)

• all of the above

What happens to neurotransmitters after they are released into the synapse?

• They are absorbed into the bloodstream

• They are broken down by enzymes or reabsorbed by the terminal buttons.

• They are eventually replaced in the receptor site until another action potential happens.

• They continue to flow through the next neuron.

Rogers & Kesner conducted an experiment to determine the role of acetylcholine in memory formation. There is a significant number of acetylcholine receptors in the hippocampus. The first group was injected with scopolamine, which blocks the acetylcholine receptor sites and thus inhibits any response. The second group was given a placebo injection of a saline solution. This was done to make sure that the fact of getting an injection alone was not responsible for a change in memory.

What was the control condition in the study by Rogers and Kesner?

• The injection with a saline solution

• The group that received no injection

• The injection with physostigmine

• The injection with scopolamine

Which of the following is not a key difference between neurotransmitters and hormones?

• Hormones are produced and released in the brain.

• Hormones take longer to produce a behavioral response.

• Hormones take longer to be broken down, so have a long after-effect after being released.

• Hormones are released directly into the blood stream.

Which of the following is a function of adrenaline?

• Violence and extreme aggressive behavior

• The creation of emotional memories

• Regulating the body's circadian rhythm and sleep patterns

• The bonding between a mother and child

Which of the following statements is true about human pheromones?

• Humans have both primer pheromones and signaling pheromones.

• Humans have primer pheromones but not signaling pheromones.

• Humans have signaling pheromones but not primer pheromones.

• There are no known human pheromones.

Which of the following makes the existence of human pheromones less likely?

• Many body odours are the result of bacteria, not of human secretions.

• One's sense of smell is highly influenced by culture.

• The human sense of smell is very complex with a lot of genetic variation.

• All of the above.

A chemical messenger that carries signals between neurons.

• pheromone

• hormone

• neurotransmitter

• neuroplasticity

A stress hormone that is secreted by the adrenal cortex. Responsible for the breakdown of glucose in the fight or flight response. Appears to be linked to hippocampal cell loss and memory dysfunction.

• cortisol

• adrenaline

• antagonist

• melatonin