Fish Oil 1

During acid hypersecretion, the electrolyte that acts as a driving force that pumps protons into the stomach is?

• Sodium

• Chloride

• Magnesium

• Potassium

A likely differential diagnosis in this case is hypothyroidism with decreased metabolic rate resulting in obesity. Thyroid hormone promotes its action on oxidative phosphorylation through this signal transduction mechanism

• Hormones bind with plasma membrane receptors--activates G protein- activates phospholipase C--IP3 release--calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum--stimulates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation

• Adenylate cyclase--CAMP release--protein kinase phosphorylates mitochondrial respiratory enzymes

• Hormone binds with plasma membrane receptors--activates tyrosine kinase-- binds to intracellular proteins (IRS)-activates Akt– activates gene transcription--increased translation of proteins

• Hormone binds with nuclear receptors--binds with DNA regulatory sequences--increased gene transcription--increased synthesis of mitochondrial respiratory enzymes

Pancreatitis can cause severe damage to the ducts and parenchyma. Which of the following is NOT a consequence of the damage?

• Trypsin inhibitor secretion increases

• Pancreatic secretions pool in the damaged area of the pancreas

• Pancreatic bicarbonate secretions become activated

• Pancreatic proteolytic enzymes are activated

Chylomicron which is a vehicle for lipid transport in the body is:

• Formed within enterocytes

• Have apolipoprotein core

• Exported through diffusion

• Taken up through mucosal capillaries

In the presence of uncontrolled secondary diabetes, the laboratory finding of serum K 6.5 mEq/L & Na 130 mEq/L in the patient is attributed to?

• Impaired renal excretion of K due to intrinsic kidney function

• Increased activity of K channels promoting K efflux from the cell

• Decreased activity of the Na-K ATPase secondary to decreased insulin secretion

• Increased K and H reabsorption to compensate for the acid base balance

Tonic contractions of the smooth muscle involve this mechanism:

• Increased myosin binding with ATP

• Decreased intracytosolic calcium

• Prolonged myosin phosphorylation

• Prolonged cross-bridge cycling

The release of cortisol may reduce the immune response of the patient to malaria. Which of the following is the immunosuppressive action of cortisol?

• Impaired neutrophil function by inhibiting leukotriene function

• Reduce cytokine release of T cells by inhibiting initial antigen presentation

• Impaired B cell proliferation due to immune response redirected to T-cell immunity

• Decreased prostaglandin activity by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzyme

High Output Cardiac Failure Lab exam:

● Decreased serum Na and K

● Elevated SGPT, SGOT, BUN, HCO3, BNP, and renin

● ABG

pH 7.46

pO2 92 mmHg

pCO2 30 mmHg

● ECG showed atrial fibrillation and left ventricular hypertrophy

● Echocardiography revealed a hyperdynamic left ventricular systolic function and EF 75% with evident four-chamber dilatation

● On right cardiac catheterization, oxygen saturation in the IVC was 92.3% and in the aorta 97%. RAP was 15 mmHg, RVP 62/15 mmHg, PAP 60/26 mmHg, and PCWP 23 mmHg. Cardiac output was considerably high (mixed venous oxygen content 12 mL/dL, and arterial oxygen content 15 mL/dL, oxygen consumption 295 mL/min.

The increased heart rate is due to the increased number of slow response action potentials. Which of the following is TRUE of FAST but NOT SLOW response action potentials in cardiac muscle?

• Occurs in SA and AV nodal tissue

• Depolarization can be reduced by Ca channel blockers

• Phase 0 depolarization is due to Na

• Resting membrane potentials occur at more positive values for fast than slow response muscle fibers

The most probable etiology of the above-mentioned condition:

• Failure of the kidneys to excrete metabolic acids normally formed in the body

• Addition of metabolic acids to the body by infusion or ingestion of acids

• Loss of base from the body fluids

• Formation of excess quantities of metabolic acids in the body

High Output Cardiac Failure Lab exam:

● Decreased serum Na and K

● Elevated SGPT, SGOT, BUN, HCO3, BNP, and renin

● ABG

pH 7.46

pO2 92 mmHg

pCO2 30 mmHg

● ECG showed atrial fibrillation and left ventricular hypertrophy

● Echocardiography revealed a hyperdynamic left ventricular systolic function and EF 75% with evident four-chamber dilatation

● On right cardiac catheterization, oxygen saturation in the IVC was 92.3% and in the aorta 97%. RAP was 15 mmHg, RVP 62/15 mmHg, PAP 60/26 mmHg, and PCWP 23 mmHg. Cardiac output was considerably high (mixed venous oxygen content 12 mL/dL, and arterial oxygen content 15 mL/dL, oxygen consumption 295 mL/min.

Which of the following laboratory findings would highly suggest the presence of AV fistula in this case?

• Increased brain natriuretic peptide with decreased serum Na

• High oxygen saturation in the inferior vena cava

• Elevated pulmonary artery pressure

• Above normal ejection fraction