Ms. Bynum's 7th Grade Midterm Review

Could men who have once enjoyed the benefits of liberty look on calmly while it is taken from them! They bore their chains whey they knew no condition of life better than that of slavery. But today when they have left it, if they had a thousand lives, they would sacrifice them all rather than be subjected again to slavery...But if...this were to be done, I declare to you that this would be to attempt the impossible. We have known how to confront danger to our liberty, and we will know how to confront death to preserve it. 

--Letter from Toussaint L”Overture, 1797  

According to the source, how will the freed enslaved people preserve their liberty?

• By negotiating for it 

• By fighting to the death for it

• By peaceful surrender to the French

• By drafting a constitution with the French 

How did the Enlightenment idea of freedom of speech affect human rights and justice?

• It allowed people to protest against government corruption.

• It allowed judges to sentence criminals to longer prison terms.

• It allowed governments to arrest those that harm the environment.

• It allowed businesses to demand lower taxes to make more jobs available.

“Don Jose Ruiz and Don Pedro Montez, of the Island of Cuba, having purchased 53 slaves at Havana, imported from Africa, put them on board the Amistad... After being out from Havana about four days, the African captives on board, in order to obtain their freedom and return to Africa, armed themselves with cane knives and rose upon the Captain and crew of the vessel. Captain Ferrer and the cook of the vessel were killed; Ruiz and Montez were made prisoners.” 

• They worked for the crew to gain their freedom. 

• They participated in a nonviolent protest to gain their freedom. 

• They started a violent uprising to gain their freedom.

• They negotiated with the crew to gain their freedom. 

King Louis XIV of France in 1685 revoked the Edict of Nantes. By revoking the edict, he outlawed Protestantism and only allowed Catholicism to be practiced in France. How did the king’s actions violate the ideas and teachings of the Enlightenment?

• It violated the Enlightenment idea of separation of powers

• It violated the Enlightenment ideas of religious freedom and tolerance.

• It violated the Enlightenment idea that absolute monarchs should rule.

•  It violated the Enlightenment ideas of natural rights.

Why would the Enlightenment idea of “all men are created equal” threaten absolute monarchs in the 17th and 18th centuries?

• The nobles would use this idea to form rebellion against the king and try to seize power.

• The clergy (priests) would kick the king out of the church and his people would desert him.

• The common people would use these new ideas to challenge the authority of the king.

• The king would lose power because he claimed he was better than others and chosen by God to rule.

How did the Protestant Reformation impact Europe and the Catholic Church?

• It led to the creation of theocracies across Europe. 

• It led to the breakup of the Catholic Church in Europe.

• It led to the establishment of the Pope as leader in Europe. 

• It led to the complete destruction of the Catholic Church

When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, there can be no liberty, because fears may arise, that the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws and execute them in a tyrannical manner. Again, there is no liberty, if the power of judging is not separated amongst different powers..

--Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws, 1748

Which statement summarizes Montesquieu′s view of government?

• Government should be ruled by a monarch.

• Government should not give much liberty to its people.

• Government should be controlled by one body of magistrates.

• Government should be divided into separate powers. 

What statement from John Locke influenced the writing of the Declaration of Independence?

• Locke stated: “Education begins the gentleman, but reading, good company, and reflection must finish him”. 

• Locke stated “The general will rule in society as the private will govern each separate individual”.

• Locke stated “New opinions are always suspected, and usually opposed, with the only reason being they are not common”.

• Locke stated “...that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions”. 

During the Industrial Revolution, capitalism was born. How did capitalism change the way people lived and worked?

• Under capitalism, all economic activity was focused in the state capitals and was run by the government.

• Capitalism led to equality among social groups as workers shared equally in the profits and success of the factory.

• Under capitalism, factory workers received subsidized payment in cattle, flour, and other goods instead of a wage. 

• Capitalism led to people leaving rural, farm areas to work in factories where they received wages to pay for goods and services.  

How did economic competition during the Industrial Revolution impact technological innovations?

• Technological innovations improved as factory owners wanted to maximize profit. 

• Technological innovations improved as factory owners wanted to improve working conditions.

• Both innovation and competition decreased because factory owners wanted to save money. 

• Both innovation and competition decreased because work was mainly done inside the home.