Quiz about AP STATS CED UNIT 3

Question 1

Runners after an ultramarathon commonly develop respiratory infections. We want to know if taking 600 milligrams of vitamin C daily will reduce these infections. Researchers randomly assigned 100 ultramarathon runners to receive either vitamin C or placebo. All subjects were watched for 14 days after the big race to see if infections developed. What are the possible lurking(confounding) variables?

Accepted Answer

all of the above

Answer

Age of the runner

Answer

weight of the runner

Answer

gender of the runner

Question 2

Runners after an ultramarathon commonly develop respiratory infections. We want to know if taking 600 milligrams of vitamin C daily will reduce these infections. Researchers randomly assigned 100 ultramarathon runners to receive either vitamin C or placebo. All subjects were watched for 14 days after the big race to see if infections developed. The type of design used here?

Accepted Answer

completely randomized

Answer

matched pairs

Answer

randomized block

Answer

stratified

Question 3

Can pleasant aromas help a student learn better? Two researchers believed that the presence of a floral scent could improve a person's learning ability in certain situations. They had 22 people work through a pencil-and-paper maze 6 times. Three of the times they wore a floral-scented mask and three times they wore an unscented mask. The three trials for each mask followed one another. Testers measures the length of time it took subjects to complete each of the six trials. They reported that, on average, subjects wearing the floral-scented mask completed the maze more quickly that those wearing the unscented mask, although, the difference was not statistically significant. This study is:

Accepted Answer

an experiment, but not double-blind

Answer

a convenience sample

Answer

an oberservational study

Answer

a double-blind experiment

Question 4

The most important advantage of experiments over observational studies is that

Accepted Answer

B)Experiments can usually give better evidence of causation

Answer

A) experiments are usually easier to carry out

Answer

C) Confounding cannot happen in experiments

Answer

D) Observational studies cannot use random samples

Question 5

In order to perform an experiment using 60 members of a gym, I first divide the list of members into men and women because I feel that the results will be different based on gender. I then randomly choose 30 men and 30 women. I assign half of the men to the treatment group and half to the control group. I repeat this procedure with the women. This is an example of a:

Accepted Answer

blocking design

Answer

randomized comparative design

Answer

matched pairs design

Answer

double blind simple random sample

Question 6

A market research company wishes to find out whether the population of students at a university prefers Starbucks or Dunkin Donuts. A random sample of students is selected, and each student is asked first to try both but the order they try them is randomly decided with a coin toss (heads: Starbucks, then Dunkin. tails: vice versa). They then indicate which brand they prefer. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

a matched pairs experiment

Answer

a completely randomized experiment

Answer

an observational study

Answer

a stratified sample

Question 7

Why do we randomize in an experiment or a survey?

Accepted Answer

It helps reduce the effects of confounding variables

Answer

Because we have to

Answer

It eliminates all possible confounding variables

Answer

It makes sampling easier

Question 8

Identify the design  for the experiment

Accepted Answer

completely randomized, the treatment is pesticide

Answer

randomized block, blocked on tree type, the treatment is pesticide

Answer

This experiment is single blind, blocked by pesticide

Answer

The experiment is double blind, the factors are tree type and pesticide

Question 9

What are the principles of a well-designed study?

Accepted Answer

All of the above

Answer

Random Assignment

Answer

Control

Answer

Replication

Answer

Comparison

Question 10

Which experimental method involves studying each and every member of the population of interest?

Accepted Answer

Census

Answer

Sampling

Answer

Random Sampling

Answer

Block Design

Question 11

Stephen observed students entering a classroom for class and recorded whether they were in dress code.

What data collection method was used

Accepted Answer

Observational Study

Answer

Experimental Study

Answer

Block Design

Answer

Randomized

Question 12

Elise gave each member of the class a random cookie, some from recipe A and some from recipe B. Then she observed which students returned for a second cookie.

What are the treatments in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

The different cookie types/recipes

Answer

The Students

Answer

Students who returned for a cookie

Answer

Whether the student returned for a second cookie

Question 13

Elise gave each member of the class a random cookie, some from recipe A and some from recipe B. Then she observed which students returned for a second cookie.

What data collection method was used?

Accepted Answer

Experiment

Answer

Observational Study

Answer

Survey

Answer

Simulation

Question 14

Nick stook outside a movie theater and asked many of the patrons if they thought the movie they saw was good.

What data collection was used?

Accepted Answer

Survey

Answer

Observational Study

Answer

Experiment

Answer

Simulation

Question 15

A researcher wants to collect information about the number of hours of sleep a high school student in the US gets per day.

What is the population?

Accepted Answer

High School Students in the US

Answer

Number of Hours of Sleep

Answer

About 17 billion

Answer

The high school students that answer the survey

Question 16

A group of 100 people with CoVid are asked about where they've traveled recently in order to study the disease transmission

What design type best describes this study?

Accepted Answer

Retrospective Observational

Answer

Prospective Observational

Answer

Retrospective Experimental

Answer

Prospective Experimental

Question 17

If a researcher were to interview every 10th student who enters the school in the morning. What type of sampling is this?

Accepted Answer

systematic

Answer

simple random

Answer

voluntary response

Answer

convenience

Question 18

If a researcher were to assign each car in a dealership a number and then use a random-number table to select the cars to be inspected, what type of sampling is this?

Accepted Answer

simple random sample

Answer

systematic

Answer

convenience

Answer

Self - selected (volunteer)

Question 19

Marianne wanted to know students' opinion on the new schedule at school. She survey's the first 30 students who come into her class. What type of sampling is this?

Accepted Answer

Convenience Sampling

Answer

Systematic Random Sampling

Answer

Simple Random Sampling

Answer

Volunteer response

Question 20

Disneyland often surveys its guests as they exit a restaurant during their visit. The surveyor stands at the restaurant exit, counts the number of people leaving, and surveys every 25th guest.
This is a form of:

Accepted Answer

Systematic Random Sampling

Answer

Simple Random Sample

Answer

Stratified Random Sample

Answer

Voluntary Response

Question 21

An independent research company wants to go door to door to survey people in the city of Fontana. The company decides to number all blocks within the city limit, randomly choose 1 block and survey all households on that block.

This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Cluster Random Sample

Answer

Simple Random Sample

Answer

Stratified Random Sample

Answer

Systematic Random Sampling

Question 22

A ___ is a small portion of the population used to gather data from.

Accepted Answer

Sample

Answer

Systematic Sampling Method

Answer

Population

Answer

Bias

Question 23

A teacher splits her classes up by period. She then randomly picks 3 students from each period to do a survey.

Accepted Answer

Stratified.

Answer

Systematic

Answer

Cluster

Answer

Biased.

Question 24

A teacher wants to know how well her students are doing on a topic. She randomly picks one class to survey. What type of sampling is this?

Accepted Answer

Cluster

Answer

Simple Random

Answer

Stratified

Answer

Systematic

Question 25

Disneyland often surveys its guests as they exit a restaurant during their visit. The surveyor stands at the restaurant exit, counts the number of people leaving, and surveys every 25th guest.
This is a form of:

Accepted Answer

Systematic Random Sampling

Answer

Simple Random Sample

Answer

Stratified Random Sample

Answer

Voluntary Response

Question 26

An independent research company wants to go door to door to survey people in the city of Fontana. The company decides to number all blocks within the city limit, randomly choose 1 block and survey all households on that block.

This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Cluster Random Sample

Answer

Simple Random Sample

Answer

Stratified Random Sample

Answer

Systematic Random Sampling

Question 27

This type of sample is selected by dividing the population into subgroups and then taking a fixed number of units from each group using the simple random sample.

Accepted Answer

stratified

Answer

cluster

Answer

judgment

Answer

experimental

Question 28

The experimental group is:

Accepted Answer

the group to which the researchers manipulate the independent variable

Answer

Study in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects know if the subjects are in the experimental or control group

Answer

study in which the subject do not know if they are in the experimental group or control group

Answer

subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and may receive a placebo treatment

Question 29

They are attempts to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables by manipulating one variable.

Accepted Answer

Experiments

Answer

Observations

Answer

Correlations

Answer

Self-reports

Question 30

In an experiment, it is the group that is not exposed to the treatment contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

Accepted Answer

control group

Answer

group of participants

Answer

matched pairs group

Answer

experimental group

Question 31

In an experiment, the _________________ variable is tested by the researcher to observe its effect(s) on the _________________ variable.

Accepted Answer

explanatory; response

Answer

first; second

Answer

dependent; independent

Answer

research; response

Question 32

When experimenting with the growth of a plant, a scientist uses three (of the same type of) plants, two different fertalizers, equal light, and equal water. What type of variable is the water?

Accepted Answer

Control

Answer

Dependent

Answer

Independent

Question 33

Mr. Badalof is conducting an experiment about his students. He claims that different types of clothes have an impact on student test scores.

What is the explanatory variable in his experiment?

Accepted Answer

Types of clothes

Answer

Student test scores

Answer

Mr. Badalof's jokes

Answer

Mr. Badalof's haircut

Question 34

The parts of the experiment that must be kept the same.

Accepted Answer

control

Answer

Response variable

Answer

Dependent variable

Answer

Conclusion

Question 35

A 100 year old women named Mary claims that diet reduces disease. What is the dependent variable (thing she is measuring) in her experiment?

Accepted Answer

Disease

Answer

Diet

Answer

Reduces

Answer

Exercise

Question 36

Ms. Carson wants to know what the students at NMS's favorite ice-cream flavor is. She asks her students what their favorite flavor is. What is the population?

Accepted Answer

Students at NMS

Answer

Mrs. Carson's students

Answer

All staff members at NMS

Answer

All 7th grade students

Question 37

_______ is a part of a group being surveyed.

Accepted Answer

Sample

Answer

Population

Answer

Random Sample

Answer

Quartile

Question 38

_______ is the entire group of objects or individuals considered for a survey.

Accepted Answer

Population

Answer

Sample

Answer

Random Sample

Answer

Quartile

Question 39

A musician wanted to see what people who listened to his last album thought about the songs. Which choice is the best sample?

Accepted Answer

A selection of 3,294 people who listened to the album.

Answer

Every person who listened to the album.

Answer

A selection of people who didn't want to listen to the album

Answer

250 girls who listened to the album

Question 40

Biased or Random?

Chloe and Danna want to determine the favorite subject of all students in the middle school. So they place every middle school student's name in a bucket and choose 30 to poll.

Accepted Answer

Random sample

Answer

Biased sample

Question 41

You want to take a simple random sample (SRS) of 50 of the 816 students who live in a dormitory on campus. You label the students 001 to 816 in alphabetical order. In the table of random digits, you read the entries (shown in the image).

The first three students in your sample have labels

Accepted Answer

400, 769, 335

Answer

955, 929, 400

Answer

400, 769, 769

Answer

559, 294, 007

Answer

929, 400, 769

Question 42

A television station is interested in predicting whether voters in its viewing area are in favor of offshore drilling. It asks its viewers to phone in and indicate whether they support/are in favor of or are opposed to this practice. Of the 2241 viewers who phoned in, 1574 (70%) were opposed to offshore drilling. The viewers who phoned in are

Accepted Answer

a voluntary response sample

Answer

a convenience sample

Answer

a simple random sample

Answer

a completely randomized design

Answer

a confounding variable

Question 43

You want to take a simple random sample (SRS) of 50 of the 816 students who live in a dormitory on campus. You label the students 001 to 816 in alphabetical order. In the table of random digits, you read the entries (shown in the image).

The first three students in your sample have labels

Accepted Answer

400, 769, 335

Answer

955, 929, 400

Answer

400, 769, 769

Answer

559, 294, 007

Answer

929, 400, 769

Question 44

In order to assess the opinion of students at the University of Minnesota on campus snow removal, a reporter for the student newspaper interviews the first 12 students he meets who are willing to express their opinion. The method of sampling used is

Accepted Answer

a convenience sample

Answer

a census

Answer

a stratified random sample

Answer

a voluntary sample

Answer

a simple random sample

Question 45

A television station is interested in predicting whether voters in its viewing area are in favor of offshore drilling. It asks its viewers to phone in and indicate whether they support/are in favor of or are opposed to this practice. Of the 2241 viewers who phoned in, 1574 (70%) were opposed to offshore drilling. The viewers who phoned in are

Accepted Answer

a voluntary response sample

Answer

a convenience sample

Answer

a simple random sample

Answer

a completely randomized design

Answer

a confounding variable

Question 46

In designing an experiment, blocking is used

Accepted Answer

To reduce variation.

Answer

To reduce bias.

Answer

As a substitute for a control group.

Answer

As a first step in randomization.

Answer

To control the level of the experiment.

Question 47

A marine biologist wants to estimate the mean size of the barnacle Semibalanus balnoides on a stretch of rocky shoreline. To do so, he randomly selected twenty 10-cm. square plots and measured the size of every barnacle in each plot. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

cluster sampling.

Answer

convenience sampling.

Answer

stratified random sampling.

Answer

simple random sampling.

Answer

multistage sampling.

Question 48

A compact disc (CD) manufacturer wanted to determine which of two different cover designs for a newly released CD will generate more sales. The manufacturer chose 70 stores to sell the CD. Thirty-five of these stores were randomly assigned to sell CDs with one of the cover designs and the other 35 were assigned to sell the CDs with the other cover design. The manufacturer recorded the number of CDs sold at each of the stores and found a significant difference between the mean number of CDs sold for the two cover designs. Which of the following gives the conclusion that should be made based on the results and provides the best explanation for the conclusion?

Accepted Answer

It is reasonable to conclude that the difference in sales was caused by the different cover designs because the cover designs were randomly assigned to stores.

Answer

It is NOT reasonable to conclude that the difference in sales was caused by the different cover designs because this was not an experiment.

Answer

It is NOT reasonable to conclude that the difference in sales was caused by the different cover designs because there was no control group for comparison.

Answer

It is NOT reasonable to conclude that the difference in sales was caused by the different cover designs because the 70 stores were not randomly chosen.

Answer

It is reasonable to conclude that the difference in sales was caused by the different cover designs because the sample size was large.

Question 49

Which of the following distinguishes an observational study from a randomized experiment?

Accepted Answer

In an observational study treatments are not randomly assigned, whereas in a randomized experiment treatments are randomly assigned.

Answer

In an observational study volunteers are always used, whereas in a randomized experiment a random sample is always taken from the population.

Answer

In an observational study a random sample is always taken from the population, whereas in a randomized experiment volunteers are always used.

Answer

In an observational study a control group is never used, whereas in a randomized experiment a control group is always used.

Answer

An observational study can be double-blind, whereas a randomized experiment can only be single-blind because the experimenter determines who is randomly assigned to each treatment.

Question 50

To check the effect of cold temperature on the elasticity of two brands of rubber bands, one box of Brand A and one box of Brand B rubber bands are tested. Ten bands from the Brand A box are placed in a freezer for two hours and ten bands from the Brand B box are kept at room temperature. The amount of stretch before breakage is measured on each rubber band, and the mean for the cold bands is compared to the mean for the others. Is this a good experimental design?

Accepted Answer

No, because temperature is confounded with brand.

Answer

No, because the means are not proper statistics for comparison.

Answer

No, because more than two brands should be used.

Answer

No, because more temperatures should be used.

Answer

Yes

Question 51

Some contact lens wearers report problems with dryness in their eyes. A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a new eye-drop solution to relieve dryness for contact lens wearers. Twenty-five volunteers who wore contact lenses agreed to use the new solution for one month. At the end of the month, 36 percent of the volunteers reported that the new solution was effective in relieving dryness. The company that produced the new eye-drop solution concluded that using the new solution is more effective in relieving dryness than using no solution. Which of the following best explains why the study does not support such a conclusion?

Accepted Answer

The study had no control group.

Answer

The sample size was too small.

Answer

The participants were volunteers.

Answer

The participants self-reported the frequency with which they used the new solution.

Answer

The participants self-reported the effectiveness of the new solution.

Question 52

To find out the average occupancy size of student-rented apartments, a researcher picks a simple random sample of 100 such apartments. Even after one follow-up visit, the interviewer is unable to make contact with anyone in 27 of these apartments. Concerned about nonresponse bias, the researcher chooses another simple random sample and instructs the interviewer to continue this procedure until contact is made with someone in a total of 100 apartments. The average occupancy size in the final 100-apartment sample is 2.78. Is this estimate probably too low or too high?

Accepted Answer

Too high, because of undercoverage bias.

Answer

Too high, because convenience samples overestimate average results.

Answer

Too high, because voluntary response samples overestimate average results.

Answer

Too low, because of undercoverage bias.

Answer

Too low, because convenience samples overestimate average results.

Question 53

A program exists to encourage more middle school students to major in math and science when they go to college. The organizers of the program want to estimate the proportion of students who, after completing the program, go on to major in math or science in college. The organizers will select a sample of students from a list of all students who completed the program. Which of the following sampling methods describes a stratified random sample?

Accepted Answer

Randomly select 25 names from the female students on the list and randomly select 25 names from the male students on the list.

Answer

Select all female students on the list.

Answer

Randomly select 50 students on the list.

Answer

Randomize the names on the list and then select every tenth student on the randomized list.

Answer

Randomlyselect50studentsonthelistwhoareattendingcollege.

Question 54

To compare the effectiveness of two treatments, researchers conducted a well-designed experiment using a randomized block design in which the subjects were blocked by age-group (under 40 years and 40 years or older). Which of the following must be true about the randomized block design of the experiment?

Accepted Answer

Treatments are randomly assigned to subjects within each block.

Answer

The number of subjects in each block is different.

Answer

The design cannot have a control group because subjects are blocked by age-group.

Answer

The experiment uses a matched-pairs design, where subjects from one block are paired with subjects from the other block.

Answer

The subjects in one block receive one treatment, and the subjects in the other block receive the other treatment.

Question 55

A music education specialist speaking on a local newscast has advocated that young children learn to play a musical instrument. The author cited a study of 650 randomly selected high school sophomores, and juniors, which reported that students who play a musical instrument score, on average, 51 points higher on an academic achievement test than students who do not play an instrument. Which one of the following is a correct statement?

Accepted Answer

There seems to be a relationship between playing musical instruments and obtaining a higher score on the achievement test.

Answer

Playing a musical instrument will cause a student to score higher on this achievement test.

Answer

Since playing a musical instrument seems to improve achievement scores for high school students, the effect should be similar for younger children.

Answer

The study was a matched pairs study.

Answer

The study was an experiment rather than an observational study.

Question 56

A statistic is a number which describes a sample.

Accepted Answer

TRUE

Answer

FALSE

Question 57

A parameter is a descriptive measure of population.

Accepted Answer

TRUE

Answer

FALSE

Question 58

Is the following a parameter or a statistic?

The average annual salary for 35 of a company's 1200 accountants is $68,000.

Accepted Answer

statistic

Answer

parameter

Question 59

Is the following a parameter or a statistic?

In a survey of a sample of high school students, 43% said that their mother has taught them the most about managing money.

Accepted Answer

statistic

Answer

parameter

Question 60

Is the following a parameter or a statistic?

As of August 2021, 54% of the governors of the 50 states in the US are Republicans.

Accepted Answer

parameter

Answer

statistic

Question 61

Is the following a parameter or a statistic?

In a survey of a sample of computer users, 8% said their computer had a malfunction that needed to be repaired by a service technician.

Accepted Answer

statistic

Answer

parameter

Question 62

A survey company was trying to see if people in a state thought the pollution was too high.

Which choice best represents the parameter of interest?

Accepted Answer

Percentage of all people in the state who thought the pollution was too high.

Answer

All people in the state.

Answer

500 randomly selected residents of the state.

Answer

71% of the residents surveyed thought the pollution was too high.

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