Sleep

Typically the number of episodes spent in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep per night is:

• One to Two

• Two to Four

• Four to Five

• Seven to Eight

Which of the following is true of REM sleep:

• virtually no electrical activity in skeletal muscles can be detected.

• large amounts of electrical activity in skeletal muscles can be detected.

• virtually no electrical activity in the eye muscles can be detected.

• large amounts of movement are caused when dreaming, including sleep walking.

Newborn babies’ sleep patterns differ from those of the elderly.

Which of the following statements about their different sleep patterns is most likely to be correct?

• A newborn spends about 50% of their sleep time in REM; an elderly person spends about 20% of their sleep time in REM.

• A newborn spends about 20% of their sleep time in REM; an elderly person spends about 50% of their sleep time in REM.

• A newborn sleeps on average 8 hours per day; an elderly person sleeps on average 4 hours per day.

• A newborn sleeps on average 15 hours per day; an elderly person sleeps on average 10 hours per day.

Sleep deprivation studies show that changes to an individual’s ability to function in normal waking consciousness start to become noticeable after about __________ days without sleep, and usually involve performance deficits on ________ tasks.

• three; challenging

• seven; routine

• seven; challenging

• three; routine

Many shift workers find it difficult to get adequate periods of uninterrupted sleep and often report feeling tired.

A major consequence of their sleep disruption is that shift workers:

• often experience hallucinations.

• find it more difficult concentrating on complex tasks.

• find it more difficult concentrating on simple tasks.

• are usually more emotionally stable than those getting uninterrupted sleep.

Jarrad works on a production line inspecting the labels adhered to fruit. His task is to pick out any fruit that is not labelled and place it in a separate container for later relabelling. During recent leave he spent a few nights out partying, getting little or no sleep.

On return to his job he is most likely to:

• continue working as efficiently as normal as the task is not difficult.

• continue working as efficiently as normal but not listen as carefully to specific instructions.

• concentrate more than normal because he realises he is very tired.

• make more mistakes than normal in checking for missing labels.

In which one of the following research designs does the researcher have the most control over selection, manipulation and measurement of variables?

• A case study

• A correlational study

• Naturalistic observation

• An experiment

In a repeated-measures experimental design:

• participants are used in both the control and experimental conditions.

• different participants with similar characteristics are used in both the control and experimental conditions.

• the same participants are interviewed twice individually by two different researchers.

A limitation of the matched-participants design is that:

• the results can only be generalised to a very small population because the participants are matched on all relevant variables.

• the results will be the same for both groups because the participants are matched on the same participant variables.

• order effects may occur as matching eliminates random allocation to the different conditions.

• matching participants on variables relevant to the dependent variable can be time consuming.

Human consciousness is defined as an:

• awareness of a world distinct from ourselves.

• ability to express our thoughts and feelings, including our knowledge of the world.

• understanding of events taking place in the world around us.

• awareness of ourselves and the world around us, including our thoughts and feelings