Thinking and Decision Making

When employing system 2 thinking, we are far more likely to...

• briefly consider evidence to get the general ‘gist’ and make a decision based on that

• take account of all sources of evidence and consider them carefully before reaching a decision

• simplify the problem in order to make a quick or snap judgement

• ignore evidence which does not fit with expectations

Which of the following is not a limitation of the Dual Process Model?

• It is reductionist - it does not explain the role of emotion in decision making.

• The descriptors of the different systems are not well operationalized - for example, not all fast processing is System 1.

• It does not explain the interaction of the two systems.

• There is no biological support for a two systems approach.

According to the availability heuristic, we make decisions based on

• what something looks like

• whether or not something fits in with our existing schema

• our perception of how frequent or common something is

• our first impression

When are we more likely to use system 1 thinking?

• When the problem is highly abstract.

• When we have practiced something a lot.

• When we have too much information to process.

• When we need to transfer information from one situation to another.

If I meet two students from your school and they are brilliant psychology students, I may then conclude that your school must have an amazing psychology program.  This conclusion follows a simple “rule of thumb” or a mental short-cut called a

• Participant Bias

• Matching Bias

• Stereotype

• Heuristic

When employing System 1 thinking to make a decision we often feel...

• neither sure, nor unsure we just know we have to give an answer

• unsure of ourselves as there are often many competing possibilities

• confident about our answer

Which of the following is not a characteristic of System 1 thinking?

• Is able to transfer information from one situation to another.

• It is dependent on context - that is, environmental cues - to solve the problem.

• Requires little effort.

• Results in creating impressions.

The Dual Processing model suggests that...

• System 1 thinking often happens first and then system two kicks

• Only experts are able to employ system 2 thinking

• System 1 and 2 thinking happen concurrently (at the same time)

• System 2 happens first and then system 1 finishes the job and gives us an answer

System __________ thinking is fast, instinctive, emotional, automatic and relatively unconscious.

• 2

• 1

• 3

• 4

The study that tested people's mental shortcuts and biases in decision making was conducted in 1974 by:

• Kensinger and Schacter

• Loftus and Palmer

• Glanzer and Cunitz

• Tversky and Kahneman