Carbohydrates and Energy Metabolism

One of the most important metabolic regulators in most cells is ______

• the relative levels of NAD+ and NADP+ in the cell

• the level of glucose 1-phosphate in the cell

• the level of coenzyme A in the cell

• the relative levels of ATP and ADP/AMP in the cell

In the electron transport chain, which of the following complexes does not pump protons?

• complex I

• complex III

• complex II

• complex IV

Which of the following lists shows the enzymes responsible for using ATP in the first stage of glycolysis?

• hexokinase or glucokinase; phosphofructokinase-1

• phosphofructokinase-2; pyruvate kinase

• phosphoglycerate kinase; pyruvate kinase

• triose phosphate isomerase; phosphoglucomutase

T or F. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is an allosteric modulator that can stimulate either glycolysis or gluconeogenesis, depending on cellular glucose concentration

The enzymes catalysing the glycolysis pathway are located in _______

• the mitochondria

• the nucleus

• the cytosol

• the endoplasmic reticulum

The most important regulatory step in the glycolytic pathway is _______

• the formation of phosphoenolpyruvate

• the formation of fructose 6-phosphate

• the formation of glucose 6-phosphate

• the formation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

The importance of the glycolysis pathway, particularly in muscle, is that ______

• cells can produce energy aerobically

• cells can convert other nutrients to glucose

• cells can produce more energy when exercising

• cells can produce energy anaerobically

Allosteric regulation of which of the following enzymes is important in the regulation of glycolysis?

• pyruvate kinase

• hexokinase

• phosphofructokinase-1

Which of the following is not involved in the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction?

• biotin

• coenzyme A

• NAD

• thiamine pyrophosphate

Which of the following are the primary substrates for the synthesis of glucose by gluconeogenesis?

• lactate and alanine

• lactose and lactate

• fructose and alanine

• pyruvate and oxaloacetate