What is believed to be the cause of inflation?

The universe was 'supercooled' and the energy needed to go somewhere

An excess of dark energy in the early universe

Gravity was significantly weaker in the past

What is the underlying principle of Kepler's 2nd Law?

Conservation of Angular Momentum

An object in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by a force

What is the largest scale over which cosmological expansion is not important?

Cosmological Superstructure (i.e filaments)

Why does the moon rotate at the same rate as it orbits around the Earth?

It prevents the moon from distorting and expending energy

It happened by coincidence, just like the ability to have eclipses

The closer side of the moon is pulled stronger so the Earth does not let it rotate

Interaction with material around Earth has slowed the moon's rotation

Which of the following is evidence for the Big Bang Theory?

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

Which of the following is not a reason that inflation must be invoked?

Size of the observable universe

What is the key property of Venus that generates the greenhouse effect?

What little visible light that makes it in is re-radiated as infrared, which is trapped

Volcanic and geothermal activity build up heat

A large amount of infrared light from the Sun due to its proximity heats the surface

Venus is able to gravitationally hold on to heat and trap it

Why are there no gas giants close to the Sun?

Farther out it is colder and so easier to attract 'snow balls' and then go on to attract gas

There are significantly more rocks/metals nearby to the Sun, making it much less likely to form non-terrestrial planets

The gravitational pull of a massive gas giant would cause it to collide with the Sun

There is not a substantial amount of gas close to the Sun from which a gas giant could form

How do we resolve Olber's Paradox?

The age of the universe is finite

Stars were less bright in the past

Cosmic dust blocks increasingly more of the light from more distant stars

We observe the universe to be closed

Why does measuring the Doppler Wobble give a minimum exoplanet mass?

The amount of wobble in our line of sight depends on the angle of orbit

The Doppler Wobble tells us the star's mass, and an exoplanet must be at least a certain fraction of the star's mass

It is expected that exoplanets are actually heavier than what current theory predicts

We can only ever observe part of the exoplanet, so we know we are not getting the whole exoplanet

Why are Type Ia supernova believed to be about the same across the universe?

They occur under the same conditions

All stars undergo a Type Ia supernova

Type Ia supernova all occur at approximately the same distance from Earth

It is a consequence of General Relativity

Why have Saturn's rings not formed a moon?

The rings are within the Roche Limit

There is an insuffcient amount of material to form a moon

When proto-moons form, they collide with each other and disintegrate

The rings are made of ice which does not stick together well

A star is defined to be on the Main Sequence when...

It is fusing hydrogen in its core

Its luminosity and temperature do not vary much with time

It has a predicatble luminosity

What is chromatic aberration?

When different colored photons are focused at different points in a telescope

The color observed is different than the true color emitted

When a particular range of wavelengths are unintentionally removed

When a particular range of wavelengths are unintentionally added

A stellar cluster is observed to contain O, G, K, and M stars. Which conclusion would be valid?

There was a recent burst of star formation

The cluster is approximately a million years old (based on turnoff point of B Type)

The stellar cluster must be part of a globular cluster

The stars in this cluster are all the same age

The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that it is impossible to...

Know for certain the energy and timespan of something

Know for certain the luminosity and temperature of a star

Know for certain the existence of 'virtual particles'

Know for certain the distance to an object and its luminosity

What is a planetary nebula?

Expanding outer atmosphere from previous red giant

An exoplanet candidate (not sure if it truly is an exoplanet)

Which of the following is NOT a method of detecting a black hole?

Observing a low mass star vanish suddenly

Tracking the motions of stars around an invisible object

Measuring the speeds of gas around an invisible object

Observing a gravitational wave signal from massive objects

What is a key difference between an emission nebula and a dark nebula?

There are massive stars nearby that ionize the emission nebula then recombination causes the nebula to glow

Dark nebula are considered blackbodies while emission nebula only have emission lines

Dark nebula are made from dark matter while emission nebula are made from regular matter

All light emitted by a dark nebula is absorbed by something inbetween us and the nebula

Which of the following is NOT a way that we measure the Hubble Constant?

Comparing Parallax and Redshift

Cosmic Microwave Background Modeling

White dwarfs are the result of...

Endpoints of stars < 8 solar masses

Merger between two compact objects (i.e neutron stars)

Which one of the following is NOT a possible homogeneous, isotropic, expanding universe according to Einstein’s general theory of relativity? (Assume there is no dark energy.)

A “closed” universe that will expand forever

A “flat” universe in which the laws of Euclidean geometry are satisfied

A “closed” universe in which there is no such thing as parallel lines

An “open” universe whose volume is infinite, and has been infinite since the beginning of time

A white dwarf can be physically described as...

The exposed, hot core of a star originally < 8 solar masses typically made of carbon and oxygen

A star that partially collapsed on itself and therefore grew to extreme temperatures

A star that is of a similar temperature to our Sun (and therefore 'white')

The opposite of a black hole, it emits large quantities of light

Which of the following could be a consequence if the physical parameters were slightly different (not as 'fine tuned') than they are today?

Increase in the gravitational constant - More gas giants, and they form farther in

Increase in electron charge - Descriptions of black holes must be described with an additional quantity as per 'no hair'

Decrease in the speed of light - The observable universe would be much larger

Decrease in the mass of a proton - Energy levels of electrons would shift

How are white dwarfs supported?

By Snow White and the six other dwarfs

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True or False: A photon's speed is dependent on its wavelength in a vacuum

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The process by which a photon's energy is given to an electron and the electron changes from one energy level to another.

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