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Throughout the early 20th century, lovers of potato chips faced a common problem. A bag of chips was always in danger.  It could easily be smooshed or crushed.  If so, the chips inside could be easily obliterated.  Snackers often opened bags at school or work to find avalanches of greasy potato crumbs tumbling out.  

In 1956, a company sought to put an end to this suffering. That year, Proctor & Gamble tackled the chip issue head on.  Their top chip researchers got to work on a chip that wouldn’t break on transport.  A chemist at the company named Fred Baur spent two years hard at work.  Finally he developed a sturdy saddle-shaped chip.  These chips, miraculously could be stacked. Then came the tubular aluminum coated can that these chips could be safely transported.  The Pringle was born.  

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For nearly a century peanut butter has been a go-to item in America’s cupboards. In recent years, however, it's faced some new competition. Other nut butters have arrived on the scene and have grown in popularity.  Perhaps the most well received has been almond butter.  Both almond butter and peanut butter are roughly equal in calories and sugar. However, studies show that almond butter has more essential vitamins and minerals.  Almond butter also has more fiber and fiber is a key part of people’s daily diets. For its part, peanut butter does pack a bit more protein than almond butter.  The trade-off is that it has twice as much saturated fat as almond butter.  Too much saturated fat can raise cholesterol. It can also lead to heart problems.  Overall each of these two popular nut butters has some good qualities, but almond butter is clearly the healthier choice. 

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You’ve probably had- or at least heard of- the popular breakfast dish known as French toast.   It’s prepared by dipping bread into an egg batter and then frying it, although some exotic variations on the recipe dip the bread in rosewater or orange juice instead! When prepared the traditional way, it’s usually covered with syrup, but powdered sugar and fresh fruit are also popular toppings.  Despite its name, the dish’s origins aren’t necessarily French.  It’s such a simple concept that it popped up around the world.  One of the earliest versions showed up in the Roman Empire. This civilization spanned a huge chunk of the world.  This gave the concept a chance to spread far and wide.  In fact, the first use of the term “French toast” was used in 17th-century England.  The dish was actually known by different names in different places.  In France, it’s known as “lost bread”.  This is because the recipe was a way to make use of stale bread.

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Devils Tower has a complex and interesting natural history, and it’s still taking place. It all began about 65 million years ago. Researchers believe that the 867 foot rock formation was probably formed by the same volcanic activity that created the Rocky Mountains. Hot magma from the Earth’s mantle pushed up through the sedimentary rock of the Earth’s crust.  The magma cooled, leaving this “igneous intrusion” under a mound of Earth.  It sat there for millions of years as water and wind chipped away at the mound that covered it. Eventually, the rock formation emerged. That’s how the famous Devils Tower became the stunning feature we see today.  Of course, this erosion continues, both upon the surrounding landscape and the tower itself.

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Last Spring, the school board voted to make a major change. They decided to move the school start time from 8a.m. to 9a.m. for all schools in the district. The new policy has now been in place for two months, and we are beginning to see some surprising and welcomed results. First off, data shows that test scores are up almost 15%. For almost 20 years, there had been very little change in test scores from year to year. We have also seen a drop in tardiness. Students are now more likely to get to school on time. In addition, three has been a great deal of positive feedback from teachers regarding students' behavior and attention spans. Teachers from every school have reported that students, overall, seem less sluggish and more alert. Others also note that the students seem "more rested" and "more cheerful". Overall, it seems that the decision to change the start time has had a great impact on our students and teachers alike.

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Crayons might seem pretty simple, but they've actually evolved quite a bit over time. Crayons probably started to take shape in Europe in the late 1400's. Back then, artists such as Leonardo da Vinci would draw using pastels. These were sticks made of charcoal and oil. In the 1800's artists began replacing the charcoal with other powders to make new colors for drawing. Later in the 1800's, inventors in Europe and the United States discovered that adding wax could make the pastels much stronger. This led to the modern crayon that we commonly use today. In 1903, Crayola made and sold their first wax crayons. They came in a box of only eight different colors. In the last hundred years, dozens of other companies have started producing crayons, too. As a result, crayons became a fixture in schoolrooms and playrooms across America in the 20th century. Today, Crayola offers 120 different colors, quite a jump from 8! It's interesting to think that a simple, everyday object can have had such a long journey through history.

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Before 2004, the Internet existed, and there were lots of weird, fun, interesting and important videos to be found there.  However, they were scattered all over the place.  Even if you knew exactly what cat or comedy, or news video you were looking for, it could be impossible to find.  This is the frustration that was felt by Jawed Karim and co-workers Chad Hurley and Steve Chen in 2004.  They were trying to track down news videos of a tsunami and a few other specific videos. They looked and looked, but all they found was wasted time and dead ends.  In 2005, they started a little website called YouTube.  Maybe you’re heard of it.  It is a site where all of the world’s videos can be gathered by individual users.  Not only is everything all in one place and easy to find, but you can also gather or tag your favorite videos so that you can watch them again and again.

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Writing that introduces a problem or conflict followed by a way to fix the problem has a text structure of

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