English Linguistics

According to whom ‘competence’ is the mental representation of the grammatical rules that comprise a speaker-hearer’s mental grammar while ‘performance’ involves the use of language for comprehension and production.

• Vygotsky

• Skinner

• Chomsky

• Krashen

Who stated that the ‘Acquisition’ is sometimes contrasted with ‘learning’ on the assumption that these involve different processes

• Chomsky

• Dulay and Burt

• Skinner

• Krashen

Irrespective of whether we are interested in receptive/productive

abilities or implicit/explicit L2 knowledge, in order to demonstrate that acquisition (or learning) has taken place, it is necessary to show that some _____________ in the learner’s knowledge system has occurred.

• damage

• development

• error

• organization

Selinker (1972) subsequently gave the name that has become the standard term for referring to the mental grammar that a learner constructs and reconstructs.

• error analysis

• interlanguage

• language transfer

• interference

The term _____________ to refer to the fact that learners stop learning even though their interlanguage does not fully conform to the target language system.

• interlanguage

• interference

• fossilization

• learning

There was a general assumption that the difficulties facing the L2 learner

were largely due to ___________ from the first language.

• interference

• transfer

• interlanguage

• anxiety

In general, older learners learn more rapidly than child learners at first except possibly in ____________.

• vocabulary

• grammar

• pronunciation

• morphology

Conative factors influence the learner’s ability to establish a goal and

maintain effort to achieve it, _________ is the key conative factor in SLA.

• attitude

• aptitude

• behaviour

• motivation

_______________ is that linguistic differences between the learner’s native language and the target language can cause learning difficulty and thus will result in errors.

• Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis

• Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis

• Natural Order Hypothesis

• Affective Filter Hyothesis

________________ claim that the L2 sounds dissimilar to the L1 may be difficult to acquire initially, but —over time—improvement takes place more rapidly than with similar sounds.

• Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis

• Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis

• Natural Order Hypothesis

• Similarity Differential Rate Hypothesis