The Cognitive approach Sept 2022

Which definition best describes the term 'reconstructive memory'?

• Misleading information that can cause inaccuracies in recall of events.

• Information about an event provided after the event already occurred.

• A form of retrieval that involves identifying an object as previously seen.

• Memory is an active process of recreation of past events.

How many components does the Multi-store model of memory contain?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

What action is necessary to transfer information from the short-term memory to the long-term memory?

• Attention

• Rehearsal

• Retrieval

• Chunking

Which of the following points is NOT a valid criticism of the multi-store model?

• It isn't supported by any scientific evidence.

• It wrongly emphasizes structure over process.

• It argues that memory works in a linear direction.

• It over emphasizes the importance of rehearsal.

Which definition best describes the term 'Schema'?

• A process of memory involving the transfer of information to internal mental structures.

• A reflection of an object or an event in the mind.

• A sequence of actions or events.

• A mental representation that influences our knowledge, beliefs and expectations.

Which of the following statements does NOT belong to System 2 of the Dual Process Model of thinking and decision making?

• Abstract

• Conscious reasoning

• Slow and requiring effort

• Prone to error

Which one is NOT an example of a cognitive bias or heuristic

• optimism bias

• Anchoring effect

• illusory correlations

• Flashbulb memory

Who found that when participants were asked to recall either by writing a paragraph or by drawing, they were more likely to remember items in the office that were congruent with their schema of an office?

• Brewer & Treyens (1981)

• Milner (1966)

• Neisser & Harsch (1992)

• Bartlett (1932)

The subjects in this study were brought back 2.5 years later to fill out the original questionnaire and asked to rate how confident they were on the accuracy of their memory for each question.

• Brewer & Treyens (1981)

• Milner (1966)

• Neisser & Harsch (1992)

• Bartlett (1932)

This study found that three patterns of distortion took place when participants recounted the story; assimilation, leveling, and sharpening.

• Brewer & Treyens (1981)

• Milner (1966)

• Neisser & Harsch (1992)

• Bartlett (1932)