Graves Bethlehem Regents Questions Topic 1

Certain seaweeds contain a greater concentration of iodine inside their cells than there is in the seawater surrounding them. The energy required to maintain this concentration difference is most closely associated with the action of

• ribosomes

• mitochondria

• vacuoles

• nuclei

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An ameba is a single-celled organism. It uses its cell membrane to obtain food from its environment, digests the food with the help of organelles called lysosomes, and uses other organelles to process the digested food. From this, we can best infer that

• all single-celled organisms have lysosomes to digest food

• amebas are capable of digesting any type of food molecule

• single-celled organisms are as complex as multicellular organisms

• structures in amebas have functions similar to organs in multicellular organisms

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Anhidrosis is the inability to sweat normally. If the human body cannot sweat properly, it cannot cool itself, which is potentially harmful.

Anhidrosis most directly interferes with:

• a feedback mechanism that maintains homeostasis

• an immune system response to harmless antigens

• the synthesis of hormones in the circulatory system

• the enzymatic breakdown of water in cells

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Which group of organisms in an ecosystem fills the niche of recycling organic matter back to the environment?

• carnivores

• decomposers

• producers

• predators

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The process of transferring energy during respiration occurs in a series of steps. This prevents too much heat from being released at one time. Maintaining an appropriate temperature is beneficial to an organism because

• enzymes need a proper range of temperatures to catalyze vital reactions

• cellular waste products can only be excreted in cooler temperatures

• hormones can only produce antibodies if temperatures are not excessive

• nutrients diffuse faster into cells when temperatures are lower

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Fruits and vegetables exposed to air begin to brown because of a chemical reaction in their cells. This may result in these foods being thrown out. Some people have found that adding lemon juice (citric acid) to apple slices keeps them from turning brown. The prevention of browning is likely the result of

• increasing the concentration of enzymes

• increasing the temperature

• slowing the rate of enzyme action

• maintaining the pH

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Since the early 1990s, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been widely used to treat acid reflux disease. Although clinical tests in the 1980s deemed PPIs to be safe for humans, in 2012 the FDA announced warnings that long-term use of PPIs could increase the risk of bone fractures, kidney disease, and some intestinal infections.

Which statement best explains why the safety of PPIs is now in question when clinical experiments in the 1980s provided evidence that they were safe?

• Researchers have been able to collect more data than were available in the 1980s.

• Fewer people had acid reflux in the 1980s compared to today.

• The medication containing PPIs has changed since the 1980s when tests were done.

• The original experiments in the 1980s used only test animals and did not use human subjects.

The failure of the human body to effectively maintain dynamic equilibrium can result in

•  reproductive success
•  gene manipulation
•  differentiation
•  disease

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Riding a bicycle requires balance and constant adjustment and monitoring by the rider in order to continue cycling. Successfully riding a bicycle most directly results from the ability to

•  sexually reproduce
•  grow and develop
• detect and respond to change
•  metabolize food for energy

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In the cells of the human body, oxygen molecules are used directly in a process that

•  releases energy
•  digests fat
• synthesizes carbohydrate molecules
•  alters the genetic traits of the cell

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