Chapter 8 - An Introduction to Metabolism

Which of the following correctly states the relationship between anabolic and catabolic pathways?

• Anabolic pathways synthesize more complex organic molecules using the energy derived from catabolic pathways.

• Energy derived from catabolic pathways is used to drive the breakdown of organic molecules in anabolic pathways.

• Degradation of organic molecules by anabolic pathways provides the energy to drive catabolic pathways.

• Catabolic pathways produce usable cellular energy by synthesizing more complex organic molecules.

Organisms are described as thermodynamically open systems. Which of the following statements is consistent with this description?

• Heat produced by the organism is conserved in the organism and not lost to the environment.

• The metabolism of an organism is isolated from its surroundings.

• Because energy must be conserved, organisms constantly recycle energy and thus need no input of energy.

• Organisms acquire energy from, and lose energy to, their surroundings.

Consider the growth of a farmer's crop over a season. Which of the following correctly states a limitation imposed by the first or second law of thermodynamics?

• The process of photosynthesis produces energy that the plant uses to grow.

• To obey the first law, the crops must represent an open system.

• The entropy of the universe must decrease to account for the increased entropy associated with plant growth.

• Growth of the crops must occur spontaneously.

Which of the following states the relevance of the first law of thermodynamics to biology?

• Energy can be freely transformed among different forms as long as the total energy is conserved.

• Living organisms must increase the entropy of their surroundings.

• Because living things consume energy, the total energy of the universe is constantly decreasing.

• Energy is destroyed as glucose is broken down during cellular respiration

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Which of the following is an example of the second law of thermodynamics as it applies to biological reactions?

• The aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose produces six molecules each of carbon dioxide and water.

• All types of cellular respiration produce ATP.

• Cellular respiration releases some energy as heat.

• All of the above

According to the second law of thermodynamics, which of the following is true?

• The decrease in entropy associated with life must be compensated for by increased entropy in the environment in which life exists.

• The total amount of energy in the universe is constant.

• Energy conversions increase the order in the universe.

• The entropy of the universe is constantly decreasing.

If the entropy of a living organism is decreasing, which of the following is most likely to be occurring simultaneously?

• Energy input into the organism must be occurring to drive the decrease in entropy.

• The entropy of the organism's environment must also be decreasing.

• Heat is being used by the organism as a source of energy.

• In this situation, the second law of thermodynamics must not apply.

Which part of the equation ΔG = ΔH – TΔS tells you if a process is spontaneous?

• ΔH

• ΔS

• TΔS

• ΔG

If, during a process, the system becomes more ordered, then __________.

• ΔH is positive

• ΔS is negative

• ΔG is positive

• ΔG is negative

An exergonic (spontaneous) reaction is a chemical reaction that __________

• occurs only when an enzyme or other catalyst is present

• is common in anabolic pathways

• releases energy when proceeding in the forward direction

• cannot occur outside of a living cell

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