Rhetorical Appeals and Types of Evidence

"Our expertise in roofing contracting is evidenced not only by our 100 years in the business and our staff of qualified technicians but in the decades of satisfied customers who have come to expect nothing but the best."

• Ethos

• Pathos

• Logos

"Ladies and gentlemen of the jury: we have not only the fingerprints, the lack of an alibi, a clear motive, and an expressed desire to commit the robbery... We also have video of the suspect breaking in. The case could not be more open and shut."

• Ethos

• Pathos

• Logos

"If you’re still unsure, please consider that my advanced degree and fieldwork speak for themselves."

• Ethos

• Pathos

• Logos

"Don’t be the last person on the block to have their lawn treated – you don’t want to be the laughing stock of your community!"

• Ethos

• Pathos

• Logos

"My three decades of experience in public service make me the ideal candidate for your mayor."

• Ethos

• Pathos

• Logos

“They’ve worked against everything we’ve worked so hard to build, and they don’t care who gets hurt in the process. Make no mistake, they’re the enemy."

• Ethos

• Pathos

• Logos

According to a study of 26 zoos worldwide published in Conservation Biology, visitors to zoos increased their knowledge of biodiversity and specific individual actions to protect biodiversity.

• Logical Evidence

• Empirical Evidence

• Anecdotal Evidence

228 accredited zoos published 5,175 peer-reviewed manuscripts between 1993 and 2013. In 2017, 173 accredited US zoos spent $25 million on research, studied 485 species and subspecies of animals, worked on 1,280 research projects, and published 170 research manuscripts.

• Logical Evidence

• Empirical Evidence

• Anecdotal Evidence

In phone interviews and online surveys, the researchers found that players in all three groups who participated in youth football before the age of 12 had a twofold “risk of problems with behavioral regulation, apathy and executive function” and a threefold risk of “clinically elevated depression scores.”

• Logical Evidence

• Empirical Evidence

• Anecdotal Evidence

A study of captive chimpanzees found that “abnormal behavior is endemic in the population,”and includes behaviors such as eating feces, twitching, rocking back and forth, plucking hair, pacing, vomiting, and self-mutilation, among others. The study concluded that the cause of such behavior could be mental health issues.

• Logical Evidence

• Empirical Evidence

• Anecdotal Evidence