READING 2 COMPREHENSION ARW2

It is difficult to define animal intelligence because...

• animals have extreme sensory perception.

• intelligence has different meanings depending on the species of animal.

• what is intelligent for one species may not be for another.

The presence of human traits in animal behavior may not be a good indicator of animal intelligence because ...

• an animal's ability to imitate human behavior may have no value in its own life.

• animals may have other types of intelligence that humans lack.

• animals are given tasks based on human behavior.

Despite the fact that dolphins apparently are very intelligent based oon their brain size, we cannot optimally measure their intelligence because...

• we cannot use language to communicate.

• the concepts and terms used to calculate animal intelligence are often borrowed from human psychology.

• they live in a very different environment.

If humans do not come out on top in intelligence tests compared to animals, then researchers assume that ...

• it is due to comparable cognition in different species.

• there is something wrong with the assessment.

• the test must have been similar to the animal's, and not the human's, natural environment.

A new way of assessing animal intelligence, the bottom-up method, involves finding a cognitive trait and investigating how the neural system guides this trait. An advantage of this method is that...

• many animals have minuscule brains.

• researchers can find traits they didn't even know existed in animals.

• it allows researchers to understand the use of neural networks.

For scientists to eventually be able to effectively assess animal intelligence, they need to ...

• develop better tools and methods.

• develop new theories.

• develop facial recognition.