Research Instrument and Its Validity

Prompts or probes that remind the interviewer about topics to discuss. Enables the researcher to produce a wealth of valuable data / insight, but requires skill.

• Structured or semi-structured format

• Focused interview

• Unstructured format

• Open-Ended Questions on Questionnaires

It is the instrument for collecting the primary data.

• Primary data

• Questionnaire

• Survey

• Interview

It is the process by which the researcher collects data through a questionnaire.

• Data Collection

• Interview

• Surveying

• Polls

A procedure udertaken specifically and systematically to make a discovery and test hypothesis.

• Experiment

• Interview

• Survey

• Questionnaire

These are tools used to gather data on a specific topic of interest.

• Research Instruments

• Surveys

• Questionnaire

• Observation

It is a data that would not otherwise exist if it were not for the research process and is collected through both questionnaires or interviews

• Primary data

• Surveying

• Questionnaire

• Interview

This allows the description of behavior in a naturalistic laboratory setting. Usually, this instrument is used to cross-validate the result of other instruments.

• Survey

• Observation

• Interview

• Focus Group

It is typically a face-to-face conversation between a researcher and a participant involving a transfer of information to the interviewer.

• Surveying

• Discourse

• Interview

• Dialogue

A type of interview that can be easy and fast, but usually only a small number of questions can be asked.

• Telephone

• Sequential

• E-Mail

• Panel Interview

A type of interview which is easy to complete and allows questions and answers to be well thought out.

• Telephone

• Formal Interview

• Group Interview

• E-Mail