Do Now AP Psychology Learning D

A child whose family owns a dog may refer to any four-legged animal as “dog.” In learning theory, such behavior is known as

• stimulus generalization

• operant conditioning

• classical conditioning

• ecological validity

• shaping

In high school, it did not seem to make a difference how much Clive studied Spanish; he always earned poor grades. Now that Clive is in college, he is required to take Spanish again. According to the concept of learned helplessness, which of the following statements can be most expected from Clive as he starts the new Spanish class?

• “Spanish is a difficult subject that I am very poor at.”

• “I sure hope that my Spanish professor is better than my high school Spanish teacher.”

• “Why study? There isn’t anything I can do to improve my Spanish skills.”

• “If I spend more time studying, I’m sure I will do better than in high school.”

• “I need to find a good tutor to help me learn Spanish; I can’t learn it on my own.”

In operant conditioning, the concept of contingency is exemplified by an “if A, then B” relationship in which A and B, respectively, represent

• stimulus, response

• response, reinforcement

• stimulus, reinforcement

• response, stimulus

• stimulus, stimulus

In Ivan Pavlov’s classical conditioning paradigm, the dog salivated in response to the food at the outset of the experiment because the food was

• a conditioned stimulus

• a conditioned response

• an unconditioned stimulus

• an unconditioned response

• a secondary reinforcer

Punishment is most effective in eliminating undesired behavior when the

• behavior is complex

• behavior was very recently acquired

• punishment is delivered soon after the behavior

• punishment is delivered by someone with authority

• punishment is both mental and physical