Policy Implementation

It is a process of interaction between the setting of goals and actions geared to achieve them.

• Policy Formulation

• Policy Evaluation

• Issue Identification

• Policy Implementation

It holds that governments tend to respond to policy issues by moving from the least coercive policy instruments to the most coercive.

• Coercion Theory

• Neo-Marxist Approach

• Public Choice Theory

• The Big Bang Theory

It holds that the state will choose different policy instruments depending on the economic power of the constituency group.

• Coercion Theory

• Neo-Marxist Approach

• Public Choice Theory

• The Big Bang Theory

It argues that politicians choose policy instruments on the basis of improving their electoral position.

• Coercion Theory

• Neo-Marxist Approach

• Public Choice Theory

• The Big Bang Theory

The following are the main activities involved in implementation except

• Organization

• Evaluation

• Interpretation

• Application

It means to require people to adopt new behavior under threat of penalties.

• Information

• Inducement

• Enforcement

• Benefaction

It means to offer positive benefits or incentives to people who changes their behavior in the desired direction.

• Information

• Inducement

• Enforcement

• Benefaction

According to Hogwood and Gunn “once a policy is formulated, enacted and adopted, it will logically be implemented” is ________.

• always valid

• not always valid

It requires choosing the appropriate organizational form for accomplishing the task.

• Procedural and Managerial Approach

• Political Approach

• Behavioral Approach

• Structural Approach

It soothes acceptability and consensus building required in implementing policies viewed with conflicting lenses by various stakeholders.

• Political Approach

• Procedural and Managerial Approach

• Behavioral Approach

• Structural Approach