Seafloor spreading creates new crust at

a divergent plate boundary (usually middle of the ocean)

Which country would likely be experiencing population growth? TFR=total fertility rate

All of these countries since TRF is above 1.0

A country with a total fertility rate (TFR) of around 7 probably

is a developing country with limited education opportunities for women

is a developed country with higher education available for women

Will experience a decrease in total population over the next 15 years

also has a life expectancy of 80 years for men and women

The sun has an impact on all of the following EXCEPT

plate tectonics and continental drift

Phytoplankton live near the surface of the water because

sunlight cannot reach great depths and they need it for photosynthesis

they eat krill which only are abundant near the surface of the water

there are less predators near the surface of the ocean

they are blown there from the land and end up floating on the surface of the water until they are consumed

A hybrid vehicle uses _______________ while a fuel cell vehicle uses __________________.

an internal combustion engine and battery, hydrogen to generate electricity

hydrogen to generate electricity, an internal combustion engine and battery

ethanol, hydrogen to generate electricity

an internal combustion engine and battery, methane or natural gas

LA and Mexico City frequently experience smog partly because they sit in a valley and are more prone to

using higher concentration of CFCs

The Ogallala aquifer is located ___________ and is at risk of _______________.

Midwest United States, depletion from over consumption

Eastern Europe, completely drying out due to diverting water for agriculture

Fiji islands, saltwater intrusion due to pumping artesian wells too rapidly

Sub Saharan Africa, depletion from climate change

The juniper tree only thrives in the cold, dry conditions of China. Global climate change is likely

to decrease the numbers, but also force juniper trees to grow north toward Russia

to kill all of the juniper trees immediately

allow juniper trees to increase their total population and extend their range south toward Indonesia

all of these are equally likely if the global temperatures increase

The arctic ice could experience which of the following positive feedback loops?

ice melts, ocean water increases in temperature, more ice melts

ice melts, ocean water decreases in temperature, more ice melts

ice melts, ocean water decreases in temperature, less ice melts

ice melts, ocean water increases in temperature, less ice melts

Which is the best explanation of a Hadley cell?

Warm air rises at the equator, cools, sinks at 30 degrees and warms back up to create deserts

cool air rises at the equator, gains moisture, and falls back down to earth around 30 degrees to create rain forests

cool air rises at 30 degrees, loses moisture, then falls back down to earth at 60 degrees and creates Boreal forests

What is the difference between hybrid and fully electric vehicles?

hybrids use their brakes to help charge the battery and use a combination of gas and battery

fully electric vehicles use the sun's energy from photovoltaic panels on the car

hybrid vehicles can run on either gasoline or ethanol

fully electric vehicles run on either battery power or hydrogen

Why are there higher rates of extinction on smaller, isolated islands compared to larger islands closer to the mainland?

smaller islands have less available resources

smaller islands have less predators than larger islands

smaller islands further away from the mainland usually receive less human activity/disruption

larger islands create more space between organisms and they sometimes can't find each other to mate

Most organisms experience logistic growth. The point where the growth levels off is called

density independent factor line

Applying herbicide to crops kills weeds. However, after many generations of use there are actually more weeds than before. How is this possible?

Use of herbicides selected for resistant weeds over time

The weeds were able to change their DNA and become a different type of species

The farmer must have used less of the herbicides with each generation

More herbicide use results in increased growth of crops, but not in weeds

What is one concern with genetically modified crops?

they could lead to decreased genetic diversity

they could increase yield and require less land to grow the same amount of food

GM crops are only able to grow in the perfect soil conditions

Runoff from GM crops can pollute water systems with increased levels of nitrogen and pesticides

Amphibians are often affected more by chemicals such as pesticides because

the chemicals act as endocrine disruptors and can get into their porous skin

amphibians often eat chemicals and mistake them for food

amphibians reproduce very slowly and their young are easily affected

amphibians live in the water and are more prone to the runoff than fish

The recent decrease in coal use is most likely due to

the increasing availability of renewable energy and natural gas

coal reserves are almost depleted

most countries have realized how dirty coal is and have shifted entirely to renewable energy

coal use has actually increased recently

The population pyramid for Japan shows

most of the population is 20 years or younger

most of the population is over 70 years of age

All of the following are disadvantages of nuclear power EXCEPT

nuclear power plants are expensive to build

radioactive waste is produced and difficult to dispose of properly

uranium is unlimited and a renewable resource

The population growth rate is expected to decline because of

increased access to birth control

increased women entering the workforce

countries making an effort to stay at or below replacement level fertility

prevent upwelling of colder waters along the west coast of S. America which prevents fish from coming closer to the surface as well

sends warm weather patterns from the eastern United States to western Europe

is directly causing most of the ice in the arctic regions to melt at extremely fast rates

Why is the open ocean considered one of the most productive areas for biodiveristy?

phytoplankton and other smaller organisms are abundant and feed entire foodchains

there is little to no competition between species

open oceans are not susceptible to things like climate change or pollution at all

The impact of a suburban neighborhood on a nearby creek would most likely be

higher levels of suspended soils and sediments which would destroy marine habitat

biomagnification of lead and radon in the drinking water which would kill top predators and humans

contamination of drinking water by VOCs such as ozone

water that has extremely high levels of human and animal waste

Which is most likely the reason that Darwin's finches were similar genetically, but had different beak sizes and shapes?

selective pressure was placed on the birds by the environment and the types of foods readily available on each island

each bird chose which type of beak would be best suited for its environment

the birds had different beaks to begin with and just traveled to the island that made the best use of their beak

What is hydraulic fracturing (fracking)?

pumping water and chemicals underground to create pathways to release oil and gas

thumper trucks smash into the ground to create a controlled earthquake and release methane deposits that can be collected and used for fuel

the capture of volatile organic compounds from smokestacks and tailpipes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

a process to treat and remove acid deposition from abandoned mine sites by adding neutralizing chemicals

Which describes a country's change in demographics as it begins to transition from a preindustrial to to industrial state?

pop increases rapidly, birth rate remains high, death rate decrease

pop decreases rapidly, birth rate declines, death rate increases

pop increases rapidly, birth rate remains high, death rate increases rapidly

pop decreases, birth rate remains high, death rate increases dramatically

All of the following would be considered negative externalities EXCEPT

insects pollinating fruits and vegetables

developing an upper respiratory infection from living in a densely populated city

increased release of methane as a result of raising beef cattle

higher levels of E. coli in drinking water reservoirs after periods of increased rainfall

Surface oceanic circulation can result in

distribution of heat from region to region

rapid rates of coral bleaching that can destroy large portions of habitat for many organisms

decreased productivity of phytoplankton and an overall increase in aquatic ecosystems

global warming that could melt much of the sea and land ice which would decrease sea levels dramatically

Algal blooms and eutrophication are usually caused by

increased N and P from agricultural runoff from fertilizers

the average increase in temperature globally

CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels

A LD50 study on the impact of mercury on the health of mice was conducted. Which of the following is true of the setup of the study?

independent and dependent variables are both correct

in the control group, mercury is given to sunflowers instead of mice

the independent variable is the concentration of mercury

the dependent variable is the number of mice that die

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Levels of this pollutant have gone down since they removed this as a gasoline additive

This comes from the decay of uranium in underlying bedrock and can cause cancer

Which is NOT linked to lung cancer?

Sushi containing fish higher in the food chain (tuna, grouper, sea bass, etc.) could cause health risks due to bioaccumulation of

Which region would you expect to contain the most methane hydrates that could contribute to global climate change?

Which region of the world has exported the most petroleum over the last few decades?

Which areas have NOT experienced loss in tropical rain forests?

Tornadoes have the highest prevalence in which area?

Anthropogenic climate change has resulted in the largest average annual temperature change in

Seafloor spreading creates new crust at

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