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Researchers have devised a simple way to monitor wide paths of the landscape without breaking a sweat: by listening to the “Conversation” honeybees have with each other. The scientifics’ analyses of the honeybee waggle dances reported in a journal Current Biology suggest that costly measure to set aside agricultural lands and let the windflowers grow can be very benefical to bees. “In the pas two decades, the European Union has spent 41 billion on agri-environment schemes to improve the rural landscape health and are required for all EU-member states, “says Margaret Couvillon at the University of Sussex. “However, there is little evidence evaluating these schemes. Our work uses a novel source of data – the honeybee, an organism that itself can benefit from healthly rural landscape – to evaluate not only environment, but also the schemes used to manage that environment.”

Couvillon and her colleagues recorded and decoded the waggle dances of bees in three hives over two year period. Bees dance to tell their fellow bees where to find the good stuff: the best nectar and pollen. The angle of their dances conveys information about the direction of resources while the duration conveys distance. Researchers can measure those dance characteristic in a matter of minutes with a protractor and timer.

In all, researchers “eavesdropped” on 5,484 dances to find that the best food within the 94 km² of mixed urban-rural landscape included in the study – as fas as bees and, by extension other insect pollinators are concerned – is a place called Castle Hill , which is the only National Nature Reserve in the area. More broadly, High Level agri-environment schemes were the best places for bees.

The researchers were surprised to find that Organic Entry level agri-environment schemes were the least frequented by bees. According to Couvillon, it may be that regular mowing required initially to discourage certain plants from growing in those plots mights leave few wildflowers for bees.

The study shows that honeybees can serve as bioindicators to monitor large land areas and provide information relevant to better environment to better environmental management. It also gives new meaning to them “worker bee.” “Imagine the time manpower, and cost to survey such an area on foot – to monitor nectar sources for quality and quantity of production, to count the number of the other flower – visiting insects to account for competition, and then to do this over and over for two foraging years, “Couvillon says. “Instead, we have let the honeybees do the hard work of surveying the landscape and the integrating all relevant costs and the providing, through their dance communication, this biologically relevant information about landscape quality.

In the last part of paragraph 5, the Couvillon holds the belief that . . .

• Evaluating land damage by humans is time-counsuming to do

• Bees in dances communicate the quality of land accurately

• Employing honeybees in a landscape survey is economical

• Using bees for land management is technologically sound

• Bees are biologically born to survey damaged land

Researchers have devised a simple way to monitor wide paths of the landscape without breaking a sweat: by listening to the “Conversation” honeybees have with each other. The scientifics’ analyses of the honeybee waggle dances reported in a journal Current Biology suggest that costly measure to set aside agricultural lands and let the windflowers grow can be very benefical to bees. “In the pas two decades, the European Union has spent 41 billion on agri-environment schemes to improve the rural landscape health and are required for all EU-member states, “says Margaret Couvillon at the University of Sussex. “However, there is little evidence evaluating these schemes. Our work uses a novel source of data – the honeybee, an organism that itself can benefit from healthly rural landscape – to evaluate not only environment, but also the schemes used to manage that environment.”

Couvillon and her colleagues recorded and decoded the waggle dances of bees in three hives over two year period. Bees dance to tell their fellow bees where to find the good stuff: the best nectar and pollen. The angle of their dances conveys information about the direction of resources while the duration conveys distance. Researchers can measure those dance characteristic in a matter of minutes with a protractor and timer.

In all, researchers “eavesdropped” on 5,484 dances to find that the best food within the 94 km² of mixed urban-rural landscape included in the study – as fas as bees and, by extension other insect pollinators are concerned – is a place called Castle Hill , which is the only National Nature Reserve in the area. More broadly, High Level agri-environment schemes were the best places for bees.

The researchers were surprised to find that Organic Entry level agri-environment schemes were the least frequented by bees. According to Couvillon, it may be that regular mowing required initially to discourage certain plants from growing in those plots mights leave few wildflowers for bees.

The study shows that honeybees can serve as bioindicators to monitor large land areas and provide information relevant to better environment to better environmental management. It also gives new meaning to them “worker bee.” “Imagine the time manpower, and cost to survey such an area on foot – to monitor nectar sources for quality and quantity of production, to count the number of the other flower – visiting insects to account for competition, and then to do this over and over for two foraging years, “Couvillon says. “Instead, we have let the honeybees do the hard work of surveying the landscape and the integrating all relevant costs and the providing, through their dance communication, this biologically relevant information about landscape quality.

In organizing the ideas in the passage, the author starts by . . .

• Explaining the importance of using honey-bees to evaluate the rural landscape health at substantially low cost

• Arguing against the huge expenditure spent to improve the rural landscape health which is considered not eco-friendly

• Showing that a more eco-friendly approach using honeybees to evaluate the rural landscape health is possible at low cost

• Describing the situation that large amount of fund had been spent to revitalize rural

• Presenting the gap between lack of assessing the huge spending to improve the rural environments and its possible solution

Researchers have devised a simple way to monitor wide paths of the landscape without breaking a sweat: by listening to the “Conversation” honeybees have with each other. The scientifics’ analyses of the honeybee waggle dances reported in a journal Current Biology suggest that costly measure to set aside agricultural lands and let the windflowers grow can be very benefical to bees. “In the pas two decades, the European Union has spent 41 billion on agri-environment schemes to improve the rural landscape health and are required for all EU-member states, “says Margaret Couvillon at the University of Sussex. “However, there is little evidence evaluating these schemes. Our work uses a novel source of data – the honeybee, an organism that itself can benefit from healthly rural landscape – to evaluate not only environment, but also the schemes used to manage that environment.”

Couvillon and her colleagues recorded and decoded the waggle dances of bees in three hives over two year period. Bees dance to tell their fellow bees where to find the good stuff: the best nectar and pollen. The angle of their dances conveys information about the direction of resources while the duration conveys distance. Researchers can measure those dance characteristic in a matter of minutes with a protractor and timer.

In all, researchers “eavesdropped” on 5,484 dances to find that the best food within the 94 km² of mixed urban-rural landscape included in the study – as fas as bees and, by extension other insect pollinators are concerned – is a place called Castle Hill , which is the only National Nature Reserve in the area. More broadly, High Level agri-environment schemes were the best places for bees.

The researchers were surprised to find that Organic Entry level agri-environment schemes were the least frequented by bees. According to Couvillon, it may be that regular mowing required initially to discourage certain plants from growing in those plots mights leave few wildflowers for bees.

The study shows that honeybees can serve as bioindicators to monitor large land areas and provide information relevant to better environment to better environmental management. It also gives new meaning to them “worker bee.” “Imagine the time manpower, and cost to survey such an area on foot – to monitor nectar sources for quality and quantity of production, to count the number of the other flower – visiting insects to account for competition, and then to do this over and over for two foraging years, “Couvillon says. “Instead, we have let the honeybees do the hard work of surveying the landscape and the integrating all relevant costs and the providing, through their dance communication, this biologically relevant information about landscape quality.

Which reflects the author’s attitude towards the topic presented in the first paragraph of the passage ?

• Caring

• Critical

• Playful

• Careful

• Sceptical

Researchers have devised a simple way to monitor wide paths of the landscape without breaking a sweat: by listening to the “Conversation” honeybees have with each other. The scientifics’ analyses of the honeybee waggle dances reported in a journal Current Biology suggest that costly measure to set aside agricultural lands and let the windflowers grow can be very benefical to bees. “In the pas two decades, the European Union has spent 41 billion on agri-environment schemes to improve the rural landscape health and are required for all EU-member states, “says Margaret Couvillon at the University of Sussex. “However, there is little evidence evaluating these schemes. Our work uses a novel source of data – the honeybee, an organism that itself can benefit from healthly rural landscape – to evaluate not only environment, but also the schemes used to manage that environment.”

Couvillon and her colleagues recorded and decoded the waggle dances of bees in three hives over two year period. Bees dance to tell their fellow bees where to find the good stuff: the best nectar and pollen. The angle of their dances conveys information about the direction of resources while the duration conveys distance. Researchers can measure those dance characteristic in a matter of minutes with a protractor and timer.

In all, researchers “eavesdropped” on 5,484 dances to find that the best food within the 94 km² of mixed urban-rural landscape included in the study – as fas as bees and, by extension other insect pollinators are concerned – is a place called Castle Hill , which is the only National Nature Reserve in the area. More broadly, High Level agri-environment schemes were the best places for bees.

The researchers were surprised to find that Organic Entry level agri-environment schemes were the least frequented by bees. According to Couvillon, it may be that regular mowing required initially to discourage certain plants from growing in those plots mights leave few wildflowers for bees.

The study shows that honeybees can serve as bioindicators to monitor large land areas and provide information relevant to better environment to better environmental management. It also gives new meaning to them “worker bee.” “Imagine the time manpower, and cost to survey such an area on foot – to monitor nectar sources for quality and quantity of production, to count the number of the other flower – visiting insects to account for competition, and then to do this over and over for two foraging years, “Couvillon says. “Instead, we have let the honeybees do the hard work of surveying the landscape and the integrating all relevant costs and the providing, through their dance communication, this biologically relevant information about landscape quality.

The paragraph following the passage most likey deals with . . .

• The accuracy and economy of honeybee landscape surveying

• The characteristics of angle an duration of honeybee dance

• The method of honeybee training to become landscape surveyors

• Studies to reveal why honeybees do not visit high level agri-environment

• The relations between nectar produced by honeybees and environment health

Researchers have devised a simple way to monitor wide paths of the landscape without breaking a sweat: by listening to the “Conversation” honeybees have with each other. The scientifics’ analyses of the honeybee waggle dances reported in a journal Current Biology suggest that costly measure to set aside agricultural lands and let the windflowers grow can be very benefical to bees. “In the pas two decades, the European Union has spent 41 billion on agri-environment schemes to improve the rural landscape health and are required for all EU-member states, “says Margaret Couvillon at the University of Sussex. “However, there is little evidence evaluating these schemes. Our work uses a novel source of data – the honeybee, an organism that itself can benefit from healthly rural landscape – to evaluate not only environment, but also the schemes used to manage that environment.”

Couvillon and her colleagues recorded and decoded the waggle dances of bees in three hives over two year period. Bees dance to tell their fellow bees where to find the good stuff: the best nectar and pollen. The angle of their dances conveys information about the direction of resources while the duration conveys distance. Researchers can measure those dance characteristic in a matter of minutes with a protractor and timer.

In all, researchers “eavesdropped” on 5,484 dances to find that the best food within the 94 km² of mixed urban-rural landscape included in the study – as fas as bees and, by extension other insect pollinators are concerned – is a place called Castle Hill , which is the only National Nature Reserve in the area. More broadly, High Level agri-environment schemes were the best places for bees.

The researchers were surprised to find that Organic Entry level agri-environment schemes were the least frequented by bees. According to Couvillon, it may be that regular mowing required initially to discourage certain plants from growing in those plots mights leave few wildflowers for bees.

The study shows that honeybees can serve as bioindicators to monitor large land areas and provide information relevant to better environment to better environmental management. It also gives new meaning to them “worker bee.” “Imagine the time manpower, and cost to survey such an area on foot – to monitor nectar sources for quality and quantity of production, to count the number of the other flower – visiting insects to account for competition, and then to do this over and over for two foraging years, “Couvillon says. “Instead, we have let the honeybees do the hard work of surveying the landscape and the integrating all relevant costs and the providing, through their dance communication, this biologically relevant information about landscape quality.

Ideas in the second paragraph may be best summarized as . . .

• The researchers observed the dance behavior of honeybees to set the direction and remoteness of their food source

• The researchers utilized honeybee dances to investigate the bees’ preference on types of flowers as a nectar source

• The technology to interpret honeybee dances was available so that reaserchers could detect the location of flowers

• It is easy to reveal the meaning of honeybee dances to identify the distance of their food source

• Identifying honeybees’ food source needed a careful observation on their dance behavior

The present study sought to document the word reading and comprehension levels attained by children who were implanted by 5 year of age. It was hypothesized that the improved speech perception abilities acquired with cochlear implantation would promote phonological coding skills. (1) . . .

Three subtests of diagnostic reading assessment battries standardized on hearing children were of administreted to 181 children between 8 year 0 month and 9 year 11 month of age who had 4 to 6 years of implant experience. (2) . . . It included a lexical decision task, rhyme task, and the digit span substest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.

Over half of the children scored within the average range for their age compared with the normative data for hearing children. (3) . . . They were higher nonverbal intelligence, higher family socio-economicstatus, and later onset of deafness between birth and 36 months.

Which option best completes (1) ?

• The finding showed that the hypothesis was accepted

• The implanation was eventually shown to be successful

• The following paragraph would discuss the findings of the study

• The objective of the study was to see the subjects reading skills

• It would also facilitate the acquisition of beginning reading skills

The present study sought to document the word reading and comprehension levels attained by children who were implanted by 5 year of age. It was hypothesized that the improved speech perception abilities acquired with cochlear implantation would promote phonological coding skills. (1) . . .

Three subtests of diagnostic reading assessment battries standardized on hearing children were of administreted to 181 children between 8 year 0 month and 9 year 11 month of age who had 4 to 6 years of implant experience. (2) . . . It included a lexical decision task, rhyme task, and the digit span substest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.

Over half of the children scored within the average range for their age compared with the normative data for hearing children. (3) . . . They were higher nonverbal intelligence, higher family socio-economicstatus, and later onset of deafness between birth and 36 months.

Which option best completes (2) ?

• Likewise, the children were obliged to take a reading test

• In addition, a battery or processing measures was administered

• However, standard measurement was applied test the subjects

• Consequently, the assessments was used to evaluate the reading skills

• Instead, an interview consisting of many different task was conducted

The present study sought to document the word reading and comprehension levels attained by children who were implanted by 5 year of age. It was hypothesized that the improved speech perception abilities acquired with cochlear implantation would promote phonological coding skills. (1) . . .

Three subtests of diagnostic reading assessment battries standardized on hearing children were of administreted to 181 children between 8 year 0 month and 9 year 11 month of age who had 4 to 6 years of implant experience. (2) . . . It included a lexical decision task, rhyme task, and the digit span substest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.

Over half of the children scored within the average range for their age compared with the normative data for hearing children. (3) . . . They were higher nonverbal intelligence, higher family socio-economicstatus, and later onset of deafness between birth and 36 months.

Which option best completes (3) ?

• The results were categorized based on the subjects’s status

• Data were collected on the basis of several different items

• Reading competence was associated with three aspects

• The subjects consisted of different age children

• Findings showed various levels of reading skills