IB Cognitive Approach

Which definition best describes the term 'reconstructive memory'?

• Misleading information that can cause inaccuracies in recall of events.

• Information about an event provided after the event already occurred.

• A form of retrieval that involves identifying an object as previously seen.

• Memory is an active process of recreation of past events.

In Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study, which verb provided the highest estimate of speed?

• Collided

• Smashed

• Hit

• Bumped

In Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study, what percentage (%) of participants given the 'hit' verb said yes to the question about broken glass?

• 4%

• 14%

• 24%

• 34%

'The tendency to focus on information that supports a pre-existing belief' is an example of...?

• Cognitive Bias

• Framing Effect

• Confirmation Bias

• Heuristics

What was the aim of Bahrick et al's (1975) study?

• Investigate whether the use of leading questions would affect an eyewitness's estimation of speed

• Investigate whether verbal post-event information can be integrated with visual information

• Investigate whether eyewitness accounts get distorted as a function of misleading post-event information

• Investigate the reliability of autobiographical memory over time

Which theory/concept was being tested by Brown and Kulik (1977)?

• Flashbulb Memory

• Leading Questions

• Schema Theory

• Neural Mechanisms in Memory

In relation to the dual process model, what would be the effect of increased emotion on decision making?

• Increase our dependence on System 1 as cognitive load is increased, making cognitive processing by System 2 easy

• Decrease our dependence on System 1 as cognitive load is increased, making cognitive processing by System 2 easy

• Increase our dependence on System 1 as cognitive load is increased, making cognitive processing by System 2 difficult

• Decrease our dependence on System 1 as cognitive load is increased, making cognitive processing by System 2 difficult

How many components does the Multi-store model of memory contain?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

What action is necessary to transfer information from the short-term memory to the long-term memory?

• Attention

• Rehearsal

• Retrieval

• Chunking

Which of the following points is NOT a valid criticism of the multi-store model?

• It isn't supported by any scientific evidence.

• It wrongly emphasizes structure over process.

• It argues that memory works in a linear direction.

• It over emphasizes the importance of rehearsal.