Cell Communication & Cell Cycle

Which of the following would be an example of paracrine signaling in animals?

• neurotransmitter acetylcholine
• hormone epinephrine
• neurotransmitter norepinephrine
• growth factor

A signal molecule that binds to a plasma-membrane protein is a

• ligand
• second messenger
• protein kinase
• receptor protein

What is a G protein?

• specific type of membrane-receptor protein
• protein on the cytoplasmic side of a membrane
• membrane-bound enzyme
• relay protein

What do second messengers do?

• transport a signal through the lipid bilayer
• relay a signal from the outside to the inside of the cell
• relay message from the inside of the mebrane throughout the cytoplasm
• dampen the message

Which of the following can activate a protein by transferring a phosphate group to it?

• cAMP
• G Protein
• protein kinase
• protein phosphatase

Signal amplification is most often achieved by

• an enzyme cascade
• binding of multiple signals
• branching pathways
• action of adenylyl cyclase

What does a protein phosphatase do?

• removes phosphates
• transfers phosphates from ATP to proteins
• activates an enzyme with a signal molecule

What is a phosphorylation cascade?

• travelling of hormones through the air
• travelling of hormones through the blood
• the removal of a phosphate
• a series of molecules that get phosphorylated

What determines whether a signal molecule binds on the surface or enters the cell?

• size
• polarity
• ability to cross the membrane
• all of these are correct

Which of the following is a chemical message that usually travels through the bloodstream to target cells?

• hormone
• local regulator
• endocrine cell