2013 Released AP Exam (Public)

A dog is following the scent of a jackrabbit. Which of the following accurately describes how the dog’s brain integrates information for smell?

• Chemoreceptors in the brain send impulses for smell in the nasal cavity.

• Chemoreceptor cells in the nasal cavity send impulses to the appropriate area of the brain.

• Chemoreceptors on epithelial cells of the tongue send hormones to the appropriate area of the brain.

• Receptors originating in the nose send action potentials to the motor regions of the brain.

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Thrips are insects that feed on rose pollen. Scientists noted that the thrips population increased in the spring and decreased dramatically during the summer. The researchers hypothesized that food abundance was the limiting factor for the population. Which of the following types of data would be most useful for the scientists to collect at regular intervals on a designated test plot of rose plants?

• Amount of sunlight (hours/day)

• Mean temperature (°C)

• Density of rose pollen produced (g/m²)

• Amount of pollen produced by each flower (g/flower)

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If ATP breakdown (hydrolysis) is inhibited, which of the following types of movement across cell membranes is also inhibited?

• Movement of oxygen into a cell

• Movement of water through aquaporins

• Passage of a solute against its concentration gradient

• Facilitated diffusion of a permeable substance

Undersea landslides can disrupt marine habitats by burying organisms that live on the ocean floor. The graph above shows the size of a population of a certain organism that lives on the ocean floor. The population was affected by a recent landslide at the time indicated on the graph. Which of the following best predicts how the population will be affected by the landslide?

• The surviving organisms will evolve into a new species.

• The reduced population will likely have allelic frequencies that are different from the initial population.

• The population will adapt to deeper waters to avoid future landslides.

• The reduced population will have a greater number of different genes than the initial population.

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Which of the following questions is most relevant to understanding the Calvin cycle?

• How does chlorophyll capture light?

• How is ATP used in the formation of 3-carbon carbohydrates?

• How is NADP⁺ reduced to NADPH?

• How is ATP produced in chemiosmosis?

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Rosalind Franklin’s x-ray diffraction images taken in the 1950s most directly support which of the following claims about DNA?

• The ratios of base pairs are constant.

• The nucleotide sequence determines genetic information.

• The two strands of DNA are antiparallel.

• The basic molecular structure is a helix.

The equation above shows one of the reversible reactions that occur in blood. After exercise, an athlete’s blood pH has dropped below the normal level. How will normal blood pH be restored?

H⁺ + HCO₃^– ↔ H₂O + CO₂

• An increase in O₂ concentration in the plasma will lead to an increase in H⁺ concentration.

• An increase in temperature will lead to an increase in H⁺ concentration.

• An increase in sweating will lead to a decrease in OH^– and H⁺ concentration.

• An increase in breathing rate will lead to a decrease in blood CO₂ and H⁺ concentration.

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A researcher is investigating the relationship between the existing species diversity in a community and the ability of an introduced nonnative species to destabilize the community.

Which of the following graphs is most consistent with the claim that communities with high diversity are more resistant to change than are communities with low diversity?

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In 1944 Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty performed transformation experiments using live, harmless bacteria and extracts from virulent bacteria treated with various enzymes. Which of the following enzymes were used and why?

• Proteases and RNases to rule out protein and RNA as the transforming factors

• Lipase (an enzyme that facilitates the breakdown of lipids) to rule out lipoproteins as the transforming factor

• Kinase (an enzyme that facilitates transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a substrate molecule) to show that transformation is phosphorylation dependent

• ATPase to show that transformation is not dependent on ATP

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Under which of the following conditions is the observed number of beetles per culture dish the greatest?

• T. confusum with parasite at 500 days

• T. confusum without parasite at 300 days

• T. castaneum with parasite at 100 days

• T. castaneum with parasite at 600 days

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