In 1786, two Italian men reached the top of Mont Blanc, a peak in the Alps on the border between Italy and France. They were the first known men to do so successfully. Their feat launched what some call the modern age of mountaineering, inspiring others to climb mountains worldwide. E FFECT: People became interested in mountain climbing. What was the CAUSE?

Mountain climbing shoes were invented in 1786

Mountain climbers created grading systems so other climbers will know how difficult it is to climb a particular mountain> Different countries have different grading systems. Different types of climbing have their own systems. CAUSE: Some people were unprepared for the dangers of mountain climbing. What was the EFFECT?

Mountain climbers graded mountains on difficulty

The sport of mountain climbing lost popularity

They were forbidden from climbing the tallest mountains

In 1865, a British artist named Edward Whymper became the first know person to climb to the peak of the Matterhorn in the Alps. He had failed six times before. As he and his six-man team descended the mountain, four slipped and fell to their deaths. Whymper never forgot them. EFFECT: Edward Whymper always kept the fallen climbers in his mind. What was the CAUSE?

Whymper saw four of his climbing party die

Whymper did not want to bring so many people with him

Whymper was first to reach the top of the Matterhorn

The Himalayan Mountains in Asia contain the highest peaks on the planet. The highest is Everest. In 1924, two British men, George Mallory and Andrew Irvine, attempted to reach the peak of Everest but died on the mountain. Climbers found the frozen body of Mallory in 1999. CAUSE: Two British men tried to reach the peak of Everest but failed to return. What was the EFFECT?

One of their bodies was found 75 years later

Both of their bodies were found in 1999

Everest is no longer considered the world's tallest mountain

In the United States, mountains higher than 14, 000 feet above sea level are known as fourteeners. Many American mountains fitting this description are in Colorado and Alaska. Some people set a goal of climbing all the fourteeners in a state or country. EFFECT: A mountain is classified s a "Fourteener." What is the CAUSE?

A mountain is at least 14,000 feet above sea level

A mountain has been climbed by 14 experts

In 1953, Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay became the first known people to reach the summit of Mount Everest. Hillary does not appear in the photographs of their historic feat because Norgay did not know how to use the camera. CAUSE: Tenzing Norgay could climb the world's highest peak but could not operate a camera. What was the EFFECT?

Only Norgay appears in photographs of his summit with Hillary

He did not make it down the mountain

Hillary didn't reach the summit

In 2006, an Australian climber named Lincoln Hall became ill near the top of Mount Everest. It was soon reported that he had died. However, another climber found Hall alive the next day. A group of people helped Hall down the mountain. he recovered after treatment for brain swelling and frostbite. EFFECT: A rescue team took Hall down Mount Everest. What was the CAUSE?

Hall got sick as he climbed Mount Everest

Hall was treated for frostbite.

Hall was the fastest person ever to climb Mount Everest

The second-highest mountain in the world is called K2. Some climbers believe it is also the most difficult mountain to climb. It has been nicknamed "The Savage Mountain." As of 2006, less than 300 people have successfully climbed K2, whereas more than 2,000 have done so on Everest. CAUSE: K2 is perhaps the world's most difficult mountain to climb. What is the EFFECT?

It has earned the nickname "The Savage Mountain"

Two thousand people have climbed it

Before ascending large mountains, climbers typically set up a bse camp. As the name implies, a base camp is at the base of a mountain. this is where the party sleeps and the night before the climb begins. Climbers usually start a climb early the next morning. EFFECT: Climbers are able to set out early without wasting daylight. What is the CAUSE?

The night before a climb, they sleep at a camp at the base of the mountain

Climbers build a base camp at the top of a mountain

climbers wet up a base camp only if they are tired

People climb mountains for many reasons. Some climb for the thrill of reaching the top. Others climb for exercise or scientific research. Before George Mallory tried to climb Mount Everest in 1924, someone asked him why. He reportedly said, "Because it is there." CAUSE: some people like extreme challengers. What is the EFFECT?

They may decide to climb a mountain

Most cannot afford a trip to the mountains

They decide it's better to play it safe

Mountain climbers must bring the correct gear. Among the items they carry are tools, a sleeping bag, first aid supplies, a small stove, and food. It's important that they stay warm and dry. When cotton clothing gets wet, it draws heat from the body so climbers don't wear it. EFFECT: Climbers avoid cotton clothing. What is the CAUSE?

When wet, cotton clothing takes heat away from the body

Cotton clothing is too heavy for mountain climbers

Cotton clothing is not sold where large mountains are

Mountain climbers have been struck by lightning. The chance of lightning storms over mountaintops is great in the afternoon. Climbers often start up a mountain at dawn--or earlier. They try to reach the summit before noon so they can head down before a possible storm. CAUSE: on mountains, lightning is less common before noon. What is the EFFECT?

Mountain climbers try to go down a mountain by noon

Mountain climbers do not climb high

Mountain climbers only climb on sunny days

Mountain climbing is dangerous. Climbers prepare for emergencies before they go. They check the weather forecast. They tell people who are not climbing where they will be. They climb in groups. If someone is injured, others are immediately there to help. They usually follow a planned route. EFFECT: An injured climber will not have to wait for help What is the CAUSE?

Mountain climbers climb in groups

Mountain climbers check the weather before they leave

Mountain climbers don't carry first aid equipment

Mountain climbing is a major workout. People who do it should e in good shape. Some train by running or another form of physical activity. While climbing, they must know when to go slowly and rest. It is also important that they drink water regularly as they climb. CAUSE: Before a climb, people exercise. What is the EFFECT?

They are prepared for the physical nature of climbing

It gets their mind off the danger of mountain climbing

Exercise will help them climb a mountain faster.

Rock climbing is a sport that is related to mountain climbing. One type of rock climbing is called free climbing. This is ascending a cliff without climbing equipment, only one's hands and feet. Free climbers do use a rope, but for safety, not to pull themselves up. EFFECT: Free climbers use only their bodies to climb up a cliff. What is the CAUSE?

In free climbing, people don not use equipment

Free climbing is the same thing as mountain climbing

Free climbers wear several layers of clothing

Mountains are often large and difficult to climb. Some mountain climbers practice on rocks that are only several feet high. This technique is called boldering. They do not use equipment such as rope. Since they are not far off the ground, they may jump down whenever they want. EFFECT: People can practice mountain climbing with reduced risk. What is the CAUSE?

In bouldering people climb small rocks

Bouldering is climbing with ropes

Bouldering is jumping up from a small rock to a larger one.

Gyms around the world have rock climbing walls. A rock climbing wall is a vertical but uneven surface, usually made of plywood. People climb it with their hands and feet. They grab on to small pieces that are sticking out. CAUSE: People want to try rock climbing indoors. What is the EFFECT?

They can use rock climbing walls in gyms.

They must bring rocks into their homes

In 1978, Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler climbed Mount Everest without bottled oxygen, which is necessary. They were the first known people to do so. In 1980 Messner set another record. He climbed Everest alone, without oxygen. EFFECT: Reinhold Messner set a record. What was the CAUSE?

Messner climbed Everest without bottled oxygen.

Messner climbed every mountain in Italy

Messner rescued Peter Habeler atop Everest

As a group, the highest mountains of each continent are know as the Seven Summits. Since 1985, at least 150 people have climbed all seven mountains. One group climbed all seven mountains in seven months. CAUSE: Every continent has its highest peak. What is the EFFECT?

Some people want to climb all seven peaks

People know some of those peaks will grown even higher

It is forbidden to climb two of the peaks

In 1995, Merrick Johnston climbed Mt. McKinley in Alaska. It is the highest mountain in North America. Johnston was 12 years old at the time, making her the youngest female to do so. She went on to climb other mountains and even lead others up mountains. Sometimes she snowboard down. EFFECT: Merrick Johnston was able to serve as a mountain guide at a young age. What was the CAUSE?

She reached the top of Mt. McKinley at age 12

Cause & Effect Part 1

Authored by Crystal Drenner

English

5th - 9th Grade

CCSS covered

Used 15+ times

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27 questions

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

One type of mountain climbing is ice climbing. Climbers use various sharp tools to moved up the ice. They kick boots outfitted with spikes into the ice. Then they use ice axes to pull themselves up. With these tools they can climb an ice surface that is completely vertical. CAUSE: Ice is a difficult surface to climb. What is the EFFECT?

climbers climb only melting ice

climbers use axes and spiked shoes to climb ice

climbers throw a rope around icicles and pull themselves up

Tags

CCSS.RI.4.3

CCSS.RI.5.3

CCSS.RI.6.3

CCSS.RI.7.3

CCSS.RI.8.3

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

Mountain climbers must be careful on glaciers. Some glaciers contain crevasses, or gaps, that are hidden by snow. before climbing, all climbers in the party tie themselves to one long rope. If one climbers falls in a crevasses, the others can pull him or her up. EFFECT: Climbers can rescue a person with a rope. What was the CAUSE?

Mountain climbers jump over crevasses

Mountain climbers do not like to stick together

all climbers tie themselves to one long rope

Tags

CCSS.RI.4.3

CCSS.RI.5.3

CCSS.RI.6.3

CCSS.RI.7.3

CCSS.RI.8.3

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

Some mountain climbers sleep in tents. Mountain winds may make the tent walls flap loudly or even blow the tent down. other mountain climbers prefer to build a snow cave and sleep inside it in a sleeping bag. It sounds cold, but it is generally warmer than sleeping in a tent! CAUSE: Winds may blow tents down. What is the EFFECT?

They crawl in it during avalanches

Some limbers build a snow cave

They mark their trail with it.

Tags

CCSS.RI.4.3

CCSS.RI.5.3

CCSS.RI.6.3

CCSS.RI.7.3

CCSS.RI.8.3

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

Mountain climbers avoid areas where rocks or ice might fall on them. Many rocks at the base of a slope or tracks of rolling rocks on a snowy slope are signs that an area is dangerous. Climbers are especially careful during the hottest part of the day, when ice many break free above them. EFFECT: Climbers do not go up a certain part of a mountain. What is the CAUSE?

They see a cluster of rocks at the base.

The slope is too slippery

No one has gone up that way before

Tags

CCSS.RI.4.3

CCSS.RI.5.3

CCSS.RI.6.3

CCSS.RI.7.3

CCSS.RI.8.3

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

Avalanches pose a major risk to mountain climbers. Sometimes loose snow collects on top of snow that is packed down.Even the movement of a person can send that loose snow down the mountain. Some climbers carry shovels in case they need to dig out someone trapped under snow from an avalanche. CAUSE: Loose snow piles on top of hard snow. What is the EFFECT?

Mountain climbers cannot see the loose snow.

The loose snow can become an avalanche

The hard snow melts

Tags

CCSS.RI.4.3

CCSS.RI.5.3

CCSS.RI.6.3

CCSS.RI.7.3

CCSS.RI.8.3

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

One wrong step and mountain climbers could get hurt or even killed. They wear special footwear called crampons, which are metal spikes attached to the soles of boots. As a person walks, the spikes stick into ice. That reduces the chance of slipping. EFFECT: The climber is less likely to fall on ice. What was the CAUSE?

The climber wears crampons

The climber wears boots

The climber wears shoes with flat soles

Tags

CCSS.RI.4.3

CCSS.RI.5.3

CCSS.RI.6.3

CCSS.RI.7.3

CCSS.RI.8.3

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

The higher a person climbs, the less oxygen there is to breathe. Sometimes climbers develop altitude sickness because of this. Symptoms can include a headache, nausea, or pain. Past a certain level on a mountain, climbers breathe from bottled oxygen. CAUSE: Air is thinner at higher altitudes. What was the EFFECT?

People climb faster

It does not snow

Climbers may get sick

Tags

CCSS.RI.4.3

CCSS.RI.5.3

CCSS.RI.6.3

CCSS.RI.7.3

CCSS.RI.8.3

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