Physiological Adaptations

What are the characteristics of fast twitch muscle fibres?

• explosive activities, fatigue slowly
• endurance activities, fatigue slowly
• explosive activities, fatigue quickly
• endurance activities, fatigue quickly

Which option reflects the physiological adaptations expected in an endurance swimmer’s training program?

• Oxygen uptake increase, haemoglobin level increase, resting heart rate decrease, stroke volume increase
• Oxygen uptake increase, haemoglobin level decrease, resting heart rate decrease, stroke volume increase
• Oxygen uptake increase, haemoglobin level increase, resting heart rate decrease, stroke volume decrease
• Oxygen uptake increase, haemoglobin level decrease, resting heart rate increase, stroke volume increase

Why is the maximal cardiac output of a trained athlete different from that of an untrained athlete?

• the untrained athlete has a higher cardiac output   due to a lower resting heart rate
• the untrained athlete has a lower cardiac output due   to a lower resting heart rate
• the trained athlete has a higher cardiac output due   to a larger stroke volume
• the trained athlete has a lower cardiac output due to   a lower stroke volume

What physiological adaptations occur in athletes when regularly training at submaximal levels to improve their aerobic performance?

• increased cardiac output, decreased stroke volume and muscle atrophy
• increased cardiac output, increased lung capacity and muscle hypertrophy
• decreased resting heart rate, decreased   haemoglobin levels and increased oxygen uptake
• decreased resting heart rate, increased stroke   volume and increased haemoglobin levels

What is cardiac output?

• the volume of blood ejected by the heart per minute
• the volume of blood sent to the lungs for oxygenation
• the volume of deoxygenated blood returning to the heart
• the volume of blood sent by the left ventricle of the   heart during each contraction

The physiological adaptation that is likely to occur from progressively overloading a strength-training program is an increase in

• muscle hypertrophy
• cardiac muscle capacity
• muscle contraction speed
• the number of fast twitch muscle fibres

What is the likely effect of a heavy and low-repetition strength training program using free weights?

• muscle atrophy
• muscle hypertrophy
• increased muscular endurance
• increased slow-twitch muscle fibre concentration

Compared to an untrained person, a trained endurance athlete is likely to have a 

• lower resting heart rate
• higher resting heart rate
• increased fast-twitch fibre concentration
• decreased fast-twitch fibre concentration

Which of the following adaptations is increased by long term aerobic training?

• Fat metabolism
• ATP resynthesis
• Protein metabolism
• Fast-twitch fibre recruitment