Unit 6c Post-Crusades/Late MA

Crusades
& their Effect

• Left in mid 1096

• Several groups from France, England, Germany, Flanders, Bohemia, Italy, etc.

• There was no established leadership, no real plan

• They squabble over who's in charge the entire way

• Run out of food, water

Several armies

​It's a recipe for disaster!

This should not have worked....

...but it did.

Multiple Choice

This originated in the 13th C, and any tactics were permissible in order to win:

• Soccer

• Court trials

• Wrestling

• Trench warfare

The battles are bloody, violent on both sides.

One by one, the cities of the Holy Land fall

The Crusaders capture it after a brutal 7-week seige

Left Godfrey de Buillon in charge, though he refused to be named 'King.'

Later leaders would not refuse...

July, 1099
Jerusalem belongs to the Crusaders.

The Holy Land is divided into small kingdoms, each under one of the heads of the armies, or other nobles.

But most Crusaders go home

What happens then?

Crusader States

Open Ended

What do you think happened after the First Crusade when most of the Crusaders returned home?

The first Crusader State founded...is also the first to fall.
The retaking of Edessa spurred a Second Crusade

Second Crusade

Jerusalem also was retaken by Saladin in 1187, at the battle of Hattin

Third
Crusade

(The movie Kingdom of Heaven is actually a fairly good account of those events)

Multiple Choice

Which city do you think the Fourth Crusade (intended to retake Jerusalem) ended up attacking?

• Jerusalem

• London

• Edessa

• Constantinople

Was a total disaster!
Wanting to retake Jerusalem in 1202, they ended up attacking....

Constantinople!

Fourth Crusade

Open Ended

What do you think some of the lasting effects of the Crusades were?

Were the main objectives successful?

Objectives of the 1096 Crusade

Expansion had brought the Seljuk Turks to the very doorstep of Constantinople

Protect Constantinople

Pilgrims to the Holy Land had briefly come under attack from the Fatimid Caliphate (Kingdom)

Protect Pilgrims

The Holy Land was lost

Last city under Crusader control (Acre) fell back into Muslim hands in 1291

In less that 200 years....

Thanks to Saladin, Christians had safe passage out of the Holy Land, and pilgrims were protected, for a while. But later conflicts would pose new threats

Pilgrims were (mostly) safe

Multiple Choice

A 'Dudelsak' (pronounced 'doodle-sack') refers to:

• A shoulder bag carried by peasants

• A musical instrument similar to bagpipes

• A type of game ball, sort of like a hacky-sack

• Something I can't talk about in class

...for a while. The immediate threat of Seljuk invasion was stopped. BUT.....

Constantinople protected

But in the 4th Crusade, Christian crusaders attacked and plundered Constantinople

Constantinople attacked

Then in 1453, it fell to the Muslim Ottoman Turks (who had taken over from the Seljuks). It never returned to Christian control.

Istanbul, not Constantinople

Multiple Select

In the 1300s, a man's was judged as cool and fashionable based on: (check all that apply)

• How long he grew his hair

• How many feathers he wore in his hat

• How far the toes of his shoes curled up

• How short he wore his skirt over his tights

• How long his sleeves were

Were the main objectives successful? Yes & also no

Multiple Choice

Which of the original goals of the Crusades succeeded?

• Christian control of Jerusalem

• Keeping Constantinople safe

• Protection for Pilgrims to the Holy Land, for a while at least

• None

Did anything good come out of the Crusades?

Spices, textiles, gold, gems, and more flowed between the Holy Land and Europe long after the Crusades

Trade flourished

Islamic medical texts and knowledge were far beyond those in Europe, and enabled later discoveries

Europe gained lots of science & medicine

From Arabic numerals to algebra ('al' jebra'), European science owes a lot to the Muslim world.

Europe gained lots of math

Multiple Choice

Which of the following did Europe gain from the Muslim world?

• Knowledge of medicine

• Knowledge of science

• Knowledge of mathematics

• All of these

So it was a good thing?
Well, no...

Estimated 3/4 of Crusaders did not survive.

Both sides suffered and inflicted huge and often cruel losses

Both sides lost millions of lives

Muslim world still remembers the Crusades bitterly as a random wave of aggression for no reason

Mistrust grew that has never fully healed

And too many try to evoke a modern Crusade

Then things got dark...

Remember we said the 'Late Middle Ages' were kind of a mess? let's see how that happens....

Write down the names of any ten people you know IRL

Multiple Choice

Which of these was put in trial (with lawyer and all) in the Middle Ages?

• A pig
  (for homicide)

• A rooster

  (accused of witchcraft for laying an egg)

• A dead person, dug up and put in the courtroom

  (for heresy)

• A group of weevils (insects), for eating a crop

• All of these

So, do you remember all
the cool stuff we explored
in the High Middle Ages?

Gothic Cathedrals

Triumph in the 1st Crusade

Art, Literature, Poetry

Universities, Education, & Literacy

Early science

Scholasticism: Faith & Reason

What happens
to all of this?

Around 1350-1450, climate starts to cool
Not quite as fast, or as cold as at the fall of Rome, but people feel the impact

Climate cools again

Acre, the last Latin kingdom in the Holy Land, falls back into Muslim hands in 1291
Two hundred years, millions of lives, for nothing

Crusade gains are lost

Powerful church officials use their power to gain wealth:
Celestine V & Benedetto Gaetani (1294)
Avignon Papacy (1309)

Church corruption

Not really 100 years.....
1337-1453
Battle of Crecy

Huge culture shift

Hundred Years War

Young woman from rural France, the 'Maid of Orleans'
Led the French to several stunning victories
Very inspirational for many
But she was a woman who said she heard the voice of god, so....

Joan of Arc

Ultimately, it was that she wore men's clothing that caused her the most problem!
25 years later they declared her innocent. She was made a saint in 1920.

She was burned at the stake

Multiple Choice

In the Middle Ages, some people thought:

• The world was flat

• A 'vegetable sheep' that grew as a plant existed

• Mercury was a cure for some diseases

• Salamanders live in fire

• All except the flat earth

The great banking families and houses of the Middle Ages: the Scali, the Bardi, the Peruzzi...

Overextended in 100 Years War, and when England and France defaulted. they crashed.

Financial Crash

What do you think of this guy?

Hey, speaking of heraldry...

What do you think of this guy?

Hey, speaking of heraldry...

You might have seen him....

You might have seen him....

This doesn't much resemble the High Middle Ages and its optimism

So yes, things are looking bleak.

Grab your list of names

Cross off numbers:
1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10

How do you think that would effect your life? Your outlook?

Black Death

Multiple Choice

You could easily catch the bubonic plague today from:

• A prairie dog

• A rat

• A dirty or rusty nail

• A feral cat

• A pigeon

Spread with terrifying speed.
Wiped out 25-90% of population in under a year.
Some towns disappeared entirely.
People had no idea how to treat or prevent it.

The Black Death

Bubonic
Pheumonic
Septicemic

Three strains of Yersinia pestis

Multiple Choice

The outfit pictured was:

• Worn by all doctors in the Middle Ages

• Worn by those who tried to treat the plague

• Worn by torturers to terrify their victims

• Made up in the 1700s

• Effective at protecting one from the plague

Not surprisingly!
Plague affected everyone, no one was safe

Life and culture took a turn to the dark

Danse Macabre - 'dance of death'

Danse Macabre - 'dance of death'

While this happens before, it becomes a whole new thing

The peasants are revolting!