Theories of Human Development continued

Theories of Human Development Continued

Icebreaker?

What is your super power?

Non-Stage Theories of Development

These theories view development as a continuous process, not as a stage process.

• Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Development

• Bandura's Social Learning Theory

• Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

​Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

• Lev Vygotsky argued that culture has a major impact on a child's cognitive development.

• Piaget and Gesell believed development stemmed directly from the child, and although Vygotsky acknowledged intrinsic development, he argued that it is the language, writings, and concepts arising from the culture that elicit the highest level of cognitive thinking

• Social interactions with adults and peers facilitate learning.

Zone of Proximal Development

• Vygotsky stated that children should be taught in the ZPD, which occurs when they can almost perform a task, but not quite on their own without assistance. With the right kind of teaching, however, they can accomplish it successfully.

• https://youtu.be/8I2hrSRbmHE?si=kVN0D7XX8ipkvRVI

Multiple Choice

What is scaffolding?

• the constant support that parents or teachers give a child to do a task.

• the temporary support that parents or teachers give a child to do a task.

• a type of ladder

• the solitary learning style of a child

Draw

Draw the Zone of Proximal Development (including labels).

Bandura's Social Learning Theory

• Observational learning is a component of Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977), which posits that individuals can learn new responses via observation of key others’ behaviors.

  • Require's social models

Observational Learning Process

Bandura theorizes that the observational learning process consists of four parts:

• Attention: one must pay attention to what s/he is observing in order to learn

• Retention: to learn one must be able to retain the behavior s/he is observing in memory

• Initiation: learner must be able to execute (or initiate) the learned behavior

• Motivation: he observer must possess the motivation to engage in observational learning

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

Human interaction is influenced by larger social forces and that there are many systems at play in the development of a person.

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

• Microsystem: includes the individual’s setting and those who have direct, significant contact with the person.The input of those is modified by the cognitive and biological state of the individual as well. These influence the person’s actions, which in turn influence systems operating on him or her. Examples: parents, siblings

• Mesosystem: includes the larger organizational structures, such as school, the family, or religion. These institutions impact the microsystems above and can affect the child’s self-image, growth, sense of accomplishment, and schedule, thereby impacting the child, physically, cognitively, and emotionally. Examples: philosophy of the school system, daily routine, assessment methods

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

• Exosystem: includes the larger contexts of community. Mesosystems both influence and are influenced by the exosystem. Examples: community's values, history, economy

• Macrosystem: includes the cultural elements, such as global economic conditions, war, technological trends, values, philosophies, and a society’s responses to the global community.

• Chronosystem: the historical context in which these experiences occur. Example: how early adulthood was different for baby boomers compared to Millennials

Open Ended

What is an example of a mesosystem influence on development?

Open Ended

What is an example of a macrosystem influence on development?

Ecological Systems Theory Activity

Identify one thing in your microsystem and one thing in your macrosystem growing up that influenced your childhood and development.