Unit 4 Review - Genetics & Biotechnology

Genetics is the study of inheritance. Biotechnology is the application of modern DNA marker, isolation, and transfer technologies toward improving plant and animal agricultural productivity, environmental remediation, and the treatment of disease.

Multiple Choice

 

Which statement is true about genes?

• A. Genes make up Proteins, which then code for DNA.

• B. Proteins make up genes that code for nitrogenous bases.

• C. Sugars make up DNA that code for genes.

• D. DNA is made of genes and codes for proteins.

Multiple Choice

Crossing-over contributes to genetic diversity among sexual reproductive species. It happens in Prophase 1 of Meiosis 1. 

What happens during crossing over?

• a. nothing

• proteins exchange genetic information

• chromosomes stay the same

• genetic information is exchanged between homologous chromosomes.

Multiple Choice

Two brown bears have a white bear. The best possible explanation for the difference in the color phenotype of the offspring is that the white bear ____ .        

• A. inherited two recessive genes from the parents.   

• B. was the result of the process of asexual reproduction.

• C. inherited a gene from one of its grandparents.

• D. had a mutation that changed its phenotype.

Multiple Choice

1.     Brown eyes in humans is dominant over blue.  A brown-eyed female marries a blue-eyed male and their son has green eyes. What Pattern of inheritance is this?

                                 

• A. Co-dominant 

• B. Sex-linked

• C. Incomplete dominance 

•   D. Polygenic

Multiple Choice

In fruit flies, an X-linked recessive mutation, scalloped (d), causes irregular wings’ borders. Which would most likely result if a scalloped female mated with a normal male? Do a Punnett square. Hint: find female and male genotypes, then do the cross.

 

• A. All offspring will have scalloped wings.

• B. All females will have normal wings and all males scalloped.

• C. All females will have scalloped wings and all males normal.

• D. Half males and females will have scalloped wings and half normal.

Multiple Choice

1.     Alleles for the A and B blood cell antigens are CODOMINANT. The condition where no antigens are present on the blood cells (type O blood) is a recessive trait. Which set of parents can most likely produce a child with type O blood? Blood types: __________________________

• 1^st parent AB and 2ⁿ type A.    

• 1^st parent AB and 2^nd type O.

• 1^st parent heterozygous type A and 2^nd parent type O.

• 1^st parent homozygous type A and 2^nd parent homozygous type B.

Multiple Choice

1.     There are 4 blood types found in humans (A, B, AB, and O). 3 different Alleles: A, B, and O. A human with blood type A and B can have 2 different genotypes, type AB and O can only have 1 genotype as shown on the table. A person with type A has one protein on the surface of the red blood cells, type AB have both proteins, but type O which is the recessive trait, has no protein. Blood type AB is an example of _______________.

• A. Codominance  

• B. Partial dominance 

• C. Complete dominance

•   D. Polygenic inheritance

​Cloning in biotechnology is intentional cloning of an organism or molecular cloning of DNA fragments. In biotechnology scientists mainly use three types of cloning, known as reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and DNA cloning. Cloning which are used for producing the exact copy of an existing organism are called as reproductive cloning.

Multiple Choice

1.     Hypothetically speaking, you own a company which breeds cats. A client requests a cat with black hair. Identify a scientific approach used to make sure the kitties all have black hair.

• A. A black cat could be cloned to produce black haired kitties.

• B. Selectively breeding two cats with black hair to produce black-haired kitties.

• C. to produce kitties with black hair, genetic engineering could be used.

• D. A, B, and C are all possibles approaches.

Multiple Choice

1.  Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the gene for the hepatic enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), rendering it nonfunctional. Which is the probability (%) of having an offspring with PKU when a female with PKU mates with a male that’s heterozygous for PKU. Complete the Punnet Square

• 100 %

• 50%

• 10%

• 30%

Multiple Choice

Colorblindness is a recessive, sex-linked trait located only on the X chromosome. Gaspar is a colorblind man, and his wife Stephanie is a carrier for colorblindness. They have 4 children. Hint: find the parents’ and offspring’s genotypes. Complete the Punnett Square. What is the probability as a RATIO of offspring who are colorblind, males to females.

• 1:1

• 1:4

• 1:2

• 2:1

Multiple Choice

1.     A pea plant that is heterozygous for green color (Gg) and rough texture (Rr) crosses with another pea plant that is homozygous for yellow color (gg) and smooth texture (rr). Which of the following genotypes is impossible for their offspring to have? Hint: you might need to use the FOIL Method or use your brain cells!

• A. Ggrr 

• B. ggRr  

• C. GGRr 

• D. GgRr

Multiple Choice

In pea plants the allele for green color (G) is dominant over the allele for yellow color (g), and the allele for rough texture (R) is dominant over the allele for smooth texture (r). What is the expected PHENOTYPIC RATIO of the offspring of a cross between two heterozygous plants for both color and texture?

___ green/rough : ___ green/smooth : ___ yellow/rough : ___ yellow/smooth

• 9:4:1:2

• 9:3:3:1

• 1:3:3:9

• 3:3:3:3

Multiple Choice

What is the complementary DNA strand for the following bases:

AGC CAT GTA TAC  

• a. UCG GUA CAU AUG

• b. TCG GTA CAT ATG

• c. CAT TCA CGG GCC

• d. TCG GTA CAT ATT

Multiple Choice

What is the mRNA sequence transcribed from the following DNA segments?

ATA GCA CAT GTA

• a. UAU CGU GUA CAU

• b. UAU CAU CGU GUA

• c. TAT CGT GTA CAT

• d. AAU CAU GUA CAT

Multiple Choice

For Eukaryote cells, where does the following processes occur?

DNA Replication, Transcription & Translation.

• a. DNA Replication - Nucleus

  Transcription - Cytoplasm

  Translation - Cytoplasm.

• b. DNA Replication - Nucleus

  Transcription - Nucleus

  Translation - Cytoplasm.

• c. DNA Replication - Ribosomes

  Transcription - Cytoplasm

  Translation - Cytoplasm.

• d. DNA Replication - Nucleus

  Transcription - Nucleus

  Translation - Mitochondria

Multiple Choice

Fill in the blank.

______ codes for proteins in a cell by arranging nitrogenous bases in a specific order.

• DNA

• Nucleus

• tRNA

• rRNA

Multiple Choice

Which are the 3 RNA’s involved in Transcription & Translation?

• DNA, mRNA, tRNA

• mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

• cRNA, mRNA, tRNA

• aRNA, bRNA, cRNA

Multiple Choice

Which RNA reads the message (codon) from the mRNA to translate the specific sequence of amino acids?

• DNA

• RNA

• rRNA

• tRNA

Multiple Choice

Use the codon chart. Which amino acids are coded for by a mRNA segment reading the following codons. (Use the first 3 letters only).

CAG GUG

• Gln Val

• His Val

• Val Gln

• Gln His

Multiple Choice

1.     Nowadays, pet owners are using DNA “banking services,” where DNA is extracted from a pet, then stored in case a pet dies. The owners have the opportunity of replacing their lost pet by using cloning techniques. Which of the following statements BEST explains why the cloned pet might not be 100% like the original?

• A. The new pet must get the DNA from two different parents, not just one cell.

• B. Mutations might happen changing the cloned pet into a completely different species.

• C. Recombination of the cells as they are cloned will make the resulting pet act differently.

• D. The environment could affect how genes are expressed and change how the pet looks and acts.

Multiple Choice

People who are exposed to too much sunlight and/or radiation are at an increased risk of melanoma, skin cancer. This type of cancer is due to:

• A. change in a starch molecule 

• B. mutation in the genetic material

• C. mutation in a protein   

• D. change in a fat molecule

Multiple Choice

3.  As technologies have evolved, transgenes (genes that have been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques, from one organism to another) were used. Why did scientists produce this type of organisms?

• A. to create new species of organisms  

• B. to control microorganisms in the soil

• C. to prevent habitats from being destroyed    

• D. to treat certain types of diseases

Multiple Choice

The technology of GMO’s (genetically modified organisms) is part of modern-day biotechnology. For instance, scientists insert a gene from a bacterium, into a plant or animal cell.

 The diagram shows steps in this controversial procedure. The bacterial cell can be used to produce:

• A. The bacterial gene for insulin which can be inserted into humans.

• B. Human genes for enzymes that can be inserted into humans

• C. Insulin that can be used by humans.

• D. Enzymes necessary to treat human diseases

Multiple Choice

Today, breeding animals for desired traits is widely used in Biotechnology. The name of this process is most likely:

• A. Conversely, paper chromatography

• B. natural selection

• C. direct harvesting

• D. genetic engineering

Multiple Choice

Since stem cells have the ability of becoming any type of cell in the human body it is used in many therapies to help very ill people. Embryonic stem cells are controversial since they are derived from human embryos that have either been destroyed or harvested for science. From an ethical point of view, what could occur from the use of stem cells?

• A. the source of the stem cells

• B. the cost of obtaining the stem cells

• C. the method of storing the stem cells

• D. the procedure for transplanting the stem cells