Big Bang Review

Big Bang Review

Can you provide evidence for the big bang?

-Nikola Tesla​

“If you want to find the secrets of the universe, think in terms of energy, frequency, and vibrations.”​

Everything was condensed in one infinitely small spot​.

• Only one force

• Infinitely hot

• Infinetly dense

• No space or time

Before the big bang

​force that attracts any two objects with mass

​​Gravity

​holds together quarks, and further holds together protons and neutrons to form atomic nuclei

Strong Nuclear​

Combination of electromagnetic and weak nuclear​ forces.

​ElectroWeak

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​Separation of the forces

Electroweak force separated into weak nuclear and electromagnetic, allowing quarks to form

​Quarks form

​Quarks combine to form protons and neutrons

​​Protons and Neutrons form

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The first elements appear. Predominately H, with some He

Hydrogen and Helium​

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​As the universe expanded....... It cooled down

​​The universe was continuing to expand, the universe was finally cool enough for these atoms of hydrogen and helium to attract free electrons, turning them into neutral atoms. This was the moment of first light in the universe The first time that photons could rest for a second, attached as electrons to atoms.

​The surface of last scattering

Unlike the plasma, these newly conceived atoms could not scatter the thermal radiation, so the universe became transparent​. The photons that existed at this time have been propagating ever since, though growing less energetic, since the expansion of space causes their wavelength to increase over time

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The universe as we know it today begins to take shape​

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Galaxies start to form

​Astronomers noticed that all galaxies are redshifted

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Redshift indicates moving away due to doppler effect

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The universe must be expanding​

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Hubble realized that the further the galaxy is, the greater the red shift

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Further galaxies are moving away faster​

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Cosmic Microwave Background

​Faint glow of light that fills the universe, falling on Earth from every direction with nearly uniform intensity.

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Observed through radiotelescopes.

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This is the piece of evidence that made astronomers realize that the big bang model must be correct.

Some text here about the topic of discussion

Multiple Choice

What are the four fundamental forces that emerged right after the Big Bang?

• Gravity, dark energy, hydrogen, and helium

• Gravity, strong nuclear forces, weak nuclear forces, and electromagnetism

• Gravity, electrons, atoms, and electromagnetism

• Gravity, quarks, atoms, and dark matter

Multiple Choice

How was Hubble able to calculate a rough estimate for the formation of the Universe?

• By calculating when hydrogen was first formed

• By calculating the age of the oldest atoms

• By calculating the rate at which the Universe is expanding

• By calculating the rate at which the Universe is shrinking

Multiple Choice

What two things – that are fundamental to our understanding of the world and Universe – began at the moment of the Big Bang?

• Atoms and energy

• Gravity and friction

• Space and time

• Stars and planets

Multiple Choice

According to the standard model of Big Bang cosmology, approximately how old is the Universe?

• 65 million years old

• 3.8 billion years old

• 13.7 billion years old

• 4.5 billion years old

Multiple Choice

What were the first two elements to form once the Universe expanded and cooled?

• Hydrogen and oxygen

• Carbon and helium

• Helium and oxygen

• Hydrogen and helium

Multiple Choice

What are two important pieces of evidence we have for the Big Bang?

• Ptolemy’s work on epicycles and Hubble’s law (the expansion of the Universe)

• Hubble’s law (the expansion of the Universe) and cosmic background radiation

• The fact that we have multiple Universes to compare and study and cosmic background radiation (CBR)

• The abundance of hydrogen, helium, and lithium found in the Universe and Ptolemy’s work on epicycles

Multiple Choice

At what moment did most astronomers finally decide that Big Bang cosmology was real?

• The formulation of Hubble’s law

• The calculation of the age of the Universe

• discovery of cosmic background radiation

• The uncovering of the first atoms to be formed

Multiple Choice

What is cosmic microwave background radiation (cosmic background radiation)?

• Energy released during the fusion of hydrogen nuclei in the center of stars

• Energy used in the laboratory to sterilize equipment

• Energy released 380,000 years after the Big Bang

• Energy emitted by the Sun

Multiple Choice

What simple yet revolutionary idea does Hubble’s law describe?

• The constant shrinking of the Universe

• Gravity’s role in the creation of the Universe

• The theory of the Big Bang

• The constant expansion of the Universe

Open Ended

Pick one piece of evidence, and describe how it leads to the idea of the big bang.