4.2 Review

4.2 Review

by Beth Mendenhall

​What was the Reformation?

Martin Luther, a German Monk, led the Protestant Reformation. He disagreed with some of the things the Catholic Church was doing, including selling indulgences. He also thought church services should be taught in the language of the people, not Latin. In 1521, Martin Luther was kicked out of the church and eventually started his own, followers were called "Lutherans." Other Protestant faiths also developed at this time.

Multiple Choice

What happened when Martin Luther publicly disagreed with the Catholic church? 

• He became Pope

• He was excommunicated, or kicked out of the church

• He was exiled

• He was burned at the stake for heresy. 

​Henry VIII

​Henry VIII, King of England, left the church for different reasons. He wanted to divorce his wife because she had not had a son. The Pope would not approve of the divorce, so Henry left and started his own church, known as the Anglican church. Henry eventually had 6 wives; two of them were beheaded. :0

Multiple Choice

Why did Henry VIII start the Anglican church? 

• He disagreed with the church about indulgences

• He left to support Martin Luther

• He wanted a divorce and the Pope wouldn't allow it

• He converted to Buddhism

​Age of Encounters

​In 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed across the Atlantic and landed on islands off the coast of what would late be called the Americas. Columbus believed he had found a new way to get to the Asia, and called the people he encountered "Indians."

​The journey was sponsored by Spain, who along with Portugal invested in several explorers looking for new routes to Asia. Ever since Marco Polo returned to Venice with stories of the great riches and inventions in China in the 1200s, people in Europe had become very interested in Asia and the luxury goods from there. This increased during the Crusades, a series of wars between Europeans and Muslims over Holy Lands. Many Crusaders returned to Europe with spices and stories of the inventions they saw.

​Fall of Constantinople

​In 1453, Constantinople, the great city of Byzantine Empire, was conquered by Muslim turks, the Ottomans, who renamed it Istanbul. This city controlled trade with Asia. When Constantinople was conquered, Europeans searched for another route to trade with Asia.

Open Ended

What were Europeans looking for when Christopher Columbus made his famous voyages? 

​Columbian Exchange

​Soon after Columbus landed in the Americas, many Portuguese and Spanish returned. They brought European plants, animals, and germs with them, and also brought American plants, animals, and germs to Europe. This is called the Columbian Exchange.

​Europeans brought to Europe American crops like corn and potatoes, which are high in calories and helped Europe's population grow.  They brought to America animals such as horses, cows, pigs, and goats. They also brought germs which were devastating to the indigenous, or native, people in the Americas. Smallpox, especially, wiped out millions of indigenous Americans who had no immunity. 

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an effect of the Columbian Exchange?

• Ottomans controlled trade with Asia when they conquered Constantinople

• A new church was formed

• Millions of indigenous Americans died from smallpox and other diseases

• Europeans wanted to find a new route to Asia

Corte​s and Montezuma

​Spanish Conquistador Hernan Cortes arrived in the Americas and at first was treated well by Montezuma, the leader of the Aztec empire. When Montezuma realized Cortes wanted to conquer the Aztecs, he fought them off. But Cortes returned with thousands of soldiers and after two years, conquered the Aztecs.

​Francisco Pizarro led the conquest of the Incas in South America. He captured the Inca king, Atahualpa, and held him hostage for loads of gold. Once he got the gold, he killed the king anyway, and then took over the empire.

Multiple Choice

Which Conquistador conquered the Incas?

• Vasca de Gama

• Hernan Cortez

• Francisco Pizarro

• Christopher Columbus

Multiple Choice

According to the map, where were most of the enslaved Africans taken? 

• United States

• Argentina

• Europe

• Cuba, Jamaica, and other Caribbean