Matter Phases and Aqueous Systems

Matter Phases and Aqueous Systems

Kinetic Theory of Matter

Matter consists of many particles (atoms) that remain in constant motion, the degree of motion is determined by the amount of energy they have and their relationship to other particles

Multiple Choice

All matter is made of _____ that are constantly moving.

• insulators

• particles

• convection

• pieces of plastic

Multiple Choice

The motion energy of particles is called...

• kinetic energy
• connecting energy
• electrostatic energy
• gravitational energy

Soli, Liquid, and Gas

• Solid- closely packed molecules with stable shape and volume

• Liquids- less closely packed molecules with stable volume but no defined shape

• Gas- molecules are very far apart with no stable volume or shape

Multiple Choice

Gases are described as having a

• definite shape and indefinite volume

• indefinite shape and indefinite volume

• definite shape and definite volume

• indefinite shape and definite volume

Multiple Choice

Solids are described as having a

• definite shape and indefinite volume

• indefinite shape and indefinite volume

• definite shape and definite volume

• indefinite shape and definite volume

Multiple Choice

If a substance has a definite volume, but no definite shape, what state of matter is it?

• Solid

• Liquid

• Gas

• Plasma

Multiple Choice

Which state of matter generally has the highest kinetic energy (KE) of the particles?

• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• Solid and Liquid

Temperature

• Endothermic- heat is absorbed into the system and surroundings is cooler

• Exothermic - heat is released from the system and the surrounding is warmer

Multiple Choice

What term is given to a reaction which transfers heat energy out of the surroundings?

• Endothermic

• Reversible

• Exothermic

• Exotermic

Multiple Choice

What term is given to a reaction which transfers heat energy into the surroundings?

• Endothermic

• Reversible

• Exothermic

• Exotermic

Exothermic Matter Changes

• Freezing- liquid to solid, heat is released into the surrounding and the particles lose kinetic energy

• Condensation- gas to a liquid, heat is released into the surrounds and particles lose kinetic energy

Multiple Choice

The phase change when a gas becomes a liquid.

• condensation

• evaporation

• deposition

• sublimation

Multiple Choice

The phase change when a gas becomes a liquid is an example of

• endothermic

• exothermic

• deposition

• sublimation

Endothermic Matter Changes

• melting- solid to liquid, heat is absorbed into the system resulting in an increase of kinetic energy of the particles

• Vaporization- liquid to gas, heat is absorbed into the system resulting in an increase of kinetic energy of the particles

• Sublimation- solid to gas

Multiple Choice

Phase change going from a Solid to a Gas...

• Deposition

• Sublimation

• Condensation

• Recombination

Multiple Choice

Phase change going from a Liquid to a Gas...

• Vaporization

• Deposition

• Condensation

• Melting

Multiple Choice

In an endothermic reaction, heat is ...

• taken in or absorbed
• given out or released 

Phase Change Diagram

• as the temperature increases the system absorbs heat/energy endothermic resulting in a phase change

• as temperature decreases the system releases heat/energy exothermic resulting in a phase change

Multiple Choice

At what point is the substance gas?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

• 5

Multiple Choice

What is happening at point B if heat is entering the matter?

• melting

• freezing

• evaporating

• condensing

Multiple Choice

What is happening at point B is heat is leaving the matter?

• melting

• freezing

• evaporating

• condensing

Pressure

• pressure causes particles to condense

• temperature and pressure affect the state of matter

• Triple point- where all three stages of matter can exist simultaneously

Multiple Choice

What state of matter is Z?

• solid 
• liquid
• gas
• supercritical fluid

Multiple Choice

What state of matter is Y?

• solid 
• liquid
• gas
• supercritical fluid

Water Polar Covalent

• Hydrogen bonds in water result in

• high boiling point

• surface tension

• low vapor

• high specific heat

Multiple Choice

Attractions between water molecules are called

• Covalent bonds
• Ionic bonds
• Polar bonds
• Hydrogen bonds

Multiple Choice

Why can water have no net charge but have slight charges in different parts of the molecule?

• The oxygen end is slightly negative and the hydrogen end is slightly positive
• The hydrogen end is slightly negative and the oxygen end is slightly positive
• The hydrogen and oxygen ends change in polarity
• Because it is hydrophobic

Multiple Choice

A water strider can skate along the top of a pond because:

• covalent bonds result in water cohesion
• hydrogen bonds result in water cohesion (surface tension)
• water striders have adapted to take advantage of water cohesion
• low surface tension of water

Multiple Choice

Pure water has a

• Neutral pH 
• Negative pH
• Positive pH
• Both Negative and Positive pH

Ice

• the hydrogen bonds in water form an air pocket because the molecules move less freely as in the liquid state

• water expands instead of condenses when going from liquid to a solid

Homogenous Solutions

• mixture that is evenly distributed

• solute- the substance that is being dissolved

• solvent- the substance the solute i being dissolved

• Aqueous solution- water is the solvent

Aqueous Solutions

• Water's partial charges and ability to dissociate into both H+ and OH- makes it very versatile solvent as well as surface tension

• Ionic and polar molecules can dissolve in water

• (like dissolves like)

Electrolytes

• The ability to conduct an electrical current in aqueous solution

• Ionic compounds

• Strong acids and bases

• to a lesser extent weak acids and bases

Multiple Choice

Ionic bonds happen between ______________ and _____________.

• Metals, non-metals

• Metals, metals

• Non-metals, non-metals

• Metals, ions

Multiple Choice

The ___ is the thing being dissolved.

• solute
• solvent
• mixture
• suspension

Multiple Choice

An electrolyte is...

• The rapid, random movement of particles in colloidal dispersion.
• A substance that dissolves in water and conducts electric current.
• A substance that dissolves in water and does not conduct electric current.
• The solution process when water is the solvent.

Multiple Choice

Solutions that conduct a current are called ____________ and are made from ___________ compounds.

• electrolytes; ionic

• nonelectrolytes; ionic

• electrolytes; molecular

• electrolytes; covalent

Hydrates

• a compound that contains water

• Identifying % water in a hydrate

•  $\frac{mm\ H_2O\ x\ moles}{mm\ compound\ x\ moles}\times100=\%$  

• water removed it is called anhydrate 

Fill in the Blank

What percent water is found in the compound BaCl₂ + 2H₂O? tens and %

Deliquescent Solution

• a substance that absorbs water vapor to form a solution

Heterogenous solutions are Suspensions

• colloidal- particles are smaller and do not settle out (milk)

• normal- particles settle out (salad dressing)

• particle size determines whether the the mixture is solution, colloidal, or suspension

Multiple Choice

type of mixture that doesn't separate on its own but still contains undissolved particles

• solution
• colloid
• suspension

Multiple Choice

What type of mixture separates upon standing?

• Solution
• Alloy
• Colloid
• Suspension

Multiple Choice

Milk is a 

• solution
• suspension
• colloid

Multiple Choice

Sugar water is a 

• solution
• suspension
• colloid

Tyndall Effect

• The scattering of visible light due to the size of the particulate matter in the suspension

Multiple Choice

The Tyndall effect is used to distinguished between.

• solvents and solutes

• liquid and gasses

• electrolytes and non electrolytes

• solution and colloids

Multiple Choice

A suspension

• will show Tyndall effect and will settle

• will not show Tyndall effect and will settle

• will not show Tyndall effect and will not settle

• will show Tyndall effect and will not settle

Multiple Choice

A true solution

• will show Tyndall effect and will settle

• will not show Tyndall effect and will settle

• will not show Tyndall effect and will not settle

• will show Tyndall effect and will not settle

Multiple Choice

Sand in water

• colloid

• solution

• suspension

Multiple Choice

Fog

• Solution

• Colloid

• Suspension

Multiple Choice

Name the effect

• brownian

• tyndall

• suspension

• colloidal

Brownian Motion

the random motion of particles suspended in a medium

Multiple Choice

NAME THE MOTION AND WHICH TYPE OF PARTICLES SHOW THIS MOTION.

• BROWNIAN , COLLOIDS

• BROWNIAN, SUSPENSIONS

• BROWNIAN, TRUE SOLUTIONS

Coagulation

when an opposite charged ion is added to a colloidal suspension resulting in aggregation/clumping and settling out

Multiple Choice

The process of settling of colloidal particle is called....

• Peptization

• Caogulation

• Dialysis

• Emulsification

Emulsification

• Polar and non-polar substances do not mix readily

• adding an emulsifier allows non-polar and polar substance to mix

Multiple Choice

A mixture of two or more liquids that normally would not combine/mix, a polar and non polar, and adding a substance that creates a colloidal suspension

• emulsifier

• deliquescent

• evaporation

• coagulation

Molarity

• The concentration of a solution

•  $M=\frac{moles}{L}$  

Multiple Choice

Which sweet tea would you expect to taste the sweetest?

• 1M
• 3M
• 3.1M
• 2.5M

Multiple Choice

What is the molality of a solution made by dissolving 2 moles of NaOH in 400 grams of water?

• 5 mol/kg. solvent

• 4 mol/kg solvent

• 3 mol/kg. solvent

• 2.5 moles /kg solvent

Multiple Choice

Molality (m) = moles of solute / _________________________.

• kilogram of solvent

• kiloliter of solvent

• kilometer of solvent

• ounces of solvent