Vocab Review 2.4

Front

Imad ad-Din Zengi?

Back

A Muslim leader and military commander in the 1100s who united parts of Syria and northern Iraq. He launched a holy war against the Crusaders and captured Edessa in 1144, which helped inspire the Second Crusade.

Front

Jihad

Back

Holy war to defend Islam.

Front

Saladin

Back

A famous Muslim general (1137–1193) who united Muslim forces in the Middle East and recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders in 1187. He was known for his military skill and reputation for fairness and mercy.

Front

Richard the Lionheart

Back

The King of England (1157–1199) who led European armies during the Third Crusade. He became legendary for his bravery and military leadership, especially in battles against Saladin.

Front

Mamluk Empire

Back

A Muslim dynasty (1250–1517) based in Egypt. The Mamluks were originally enslaved soldiers who seized power. They stopped the Mongols’ advance into the Middle East and eventually defeated the last Crusader states.

Front

The Mongols

Back

Nomadic people from Central Asia who, under leaders like Genghis Khan, created the largest land empire in history during the 1200s–1300s. They conquered much of Asia, the Middle East, and parts of Europe.

Front

Genghis Khan

Back

The founder of the Mongol Empire (c. 1162–1227). He united the Mongol tribes and began the vast conquests that expanded the empire across Asia and into Europe.

Front

Figurehead

Back

A leader who holds a title or position of authority but has little real power.

Front

Hulagu Khan

Back

A grandson of Genghis Khan who led Mongol armies into the Middle East. In 1258, he captured Baghdad, ending the Abbasid Caliphate and changing the balance of power in the region.

Front

Ilkhanate

Back

A branch of the Mongol Empire established by Hulagu Khan in Persia (modern-day Iran) and surrounding areas. It ruled from the mid-1200s to the 1300s and blended Mongol and Persian cultures.