What are the key differences between DNA and RNA?

DNA: double-stranded, contains deoxyribose sugar, and uses thymine as a base. RNA: single-stranded, contains ribose sugar, and uses uracil instead of thymine.

What is the reason for the difference between continuous and discontinuous replication in DNA synthesis?

DNA polymerase only adds nucleotides in the 5′→3′ direction.

What is the triplet code in genetics?

The triplet code consists of three nucleotide bases (a codon) that together specify a single amino acid in the process of protein synthesis.

What does it mean when we say the genetic code is degenerate?

This means that more than one codon can code for the same amino acid.

What is the universal genetic code?

The universal genetic code is the same code used by nearly all organisms, indicating a commonality in the genetic instructions across diverse life forms.

A gene is a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA that encodes the information necessary to produce a polypeptide, which is a chain of amino acids that can fold into a functional protein.

What is the role of tRNA in the process of translation?

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome, where its anticodon pairs with the corresponding codon on the mRNA strand.

What is the role of ribosomes during the process of translation in protein synthesis?

Ribosomes are responsible for assembling amino acids into polypeptides by forming peptide bonds between them.

What is a gene mutation?

A gene mutation refers to a change in the base sequence of DNA, which can affect how genes function.

What is a point mutation?

A point mutation refers to a change in a single nucleotide within a DNA sequence, which can occur through substitution, insertion, or deletion of that nucleotide.

What is a frameshift mutation?

A frameshift mutation occurs when there is an insertion or deletion of nucleotides in the DNA sequence, which shifts the reading frame and alters the resulting codons during protein synthesis.

What is an example of a disease that results from a genetic mutation?

Sickle cell anemia – this condition is caused by a substitution mutation in the hemoglobin gene.

What are the different types of mutations?

Mutation types include point mutations, frameshift mutations, and large-scale mutations.

What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

DNA polymerase is an enzyme responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the growing chain during DNA replication.

A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in DNA or RNA that specifies a particular amino acid during protein synthesis.

What is the role of RNA polymerase in the process of transcription?

RNA polymerase is an enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template during the transcription process.

What are the different types of RNA and their roles in protein synthesis?

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA, each with distinct roles in protein synthesis.

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

A phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

What are the enzymes found in DNA replication

DNA polymerase, DNA ligase ( Helicase)

Which key molecules are involved in Protein Synthesis, transcription and Translation ?

mRNA, codons, tRNA, anticodons, and ribosomes.

What are okazaki Fargments?

Okazaki fragments are short sequences of DNA nucleotides synthesized discontinuously on the lagging strand during DNA replication, later joined together by DNA ligase to form a continuous strand.

What are the features of an intron

are non-coding segments removed from a pre-mRNA molecule that significantly influence gene expression and protein diversity, primarily through alternative splicing, which generates multiple protein variants from a single gene. They can also enhance gene expression by increasing transcript levels, stability, and translation efficiency, and contribute to regulatory mechanisms like intron-mediated enhancement, influencing various cellular processes from growth to development.

What does semi-conservative replication mean?

Semi-conservative replication means that when DNA is copied, each new DNA molecule contains one original (parental) strand and one newly synthesized strand .

What is a phosphorylated nucleotide? Give an example.

A nucleotide with extra phosphate groups; ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is an example

Describe the structure of DNA.

DNA is a double helix with antiparallel strands (5′→3′ and 3′→5′), complementary base pairing (A–T with 2 H-bonds, C–G with 3 H-bonds), and nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds.

What are the roles of DNA ligase in replication?

joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.

Why are leading and lagging strands different?

Because DNA polymerase can only synthesize DNA in the 5′→3′ direction, leading strand is continuous, lagging is discontinuous.

What is meant by the universal genetic code?

The same triplet codons specify the same amino acids in almost all organisms.

What are start and stop codons?

Codons that signal the beginning (e.g., AUG) or end of translation.

What are the features of a DNA?

DNA is made of two polynucleotide chains . Each chain is a right-handed helix and they coil around each other to form a double helix . The two chains run in opposite directions (antiparallel) . Each chain has a sugar-phosphate backbone with bases projecting at right angles. Bases in one chain pair with those in the other by hydrogen bonding : adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C) ( complementary base pairing ). This base-pairing explains the regularity in base ratios observed by Chargaff and gives DNA stability and accurate replication

Features of the Genetic (Universal) Code

It is a triplet code : three bases (a codon) code for one amino acid. The code is universal : the same triplet codes for the same amino acid in almost all living things. The code has punctuation marks : specific triplets act as start and stop signals during protein synthesis (e.g., TAC as start, others as stops). It is redundant/degenerate : most amino acids are coded for by more than one triplet (e.g., cysteine can be ACA or ACG). This reduces the effect of mutations

What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

Carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes.

What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

Brings specific amino acids to ribosomes; anticodon pairs with codon on mRNA.

What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

They assemble amino acids into polypeptides by catalyzing peptide bond formation.

What is the difference between template and non-template strands in transcription?

The template (transcribed) strand is used to build RNA; the non-template strand is not.

What modification happens to pre-mRNA in eukaryotes before leaving the nucleus?

Introns are removed and exons are spliced together to form mature mRNA.

What are the three main types of gene mutation?

Substitution, insertion, and deletion of nucleotides.

How can substitution affect a polypeptide?

It may change one amino acid, or may be silent if the codon still codes for the same amino acid.

How can insertion or deletion affect a polypeptide?

They can cause a frameshift mutation, altering all downstream codons and potentially changing the whole polypeptide.

Where does translation take place

In the cytoplasm ( RER within ribosomes)

Unit| Neuclic Acid and Protein Synthesis Flashcards Flashcards

Student preview

50 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Nucleotides consist of three main components: a phosphate group, a pentose sugar (which can be either ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base.

Back

Nitrogenous bases are Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What are the bases classified as purines and pyrimidines?

Back

Purines: adenine, guanine. Pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine, uracil.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What type of bonds are responsible for holding the two strands of DNA together?

Back

Hydrogen bonds (A–T = 2 bonds, G–C = 3 bonds).

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is an example of RNA and what role does it play in the cell?

Back

mRNA – carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes, facilitating protein synthesis.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What are the key enzymes that play a role in the process of DNA replication?

Back

Helicase, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase.

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is ATP and why is it important?

Back

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide that plays a crucial role in storing and transferring energy within cells.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is the structure of DNA?

Back

DNA is structured as a double helix with antiparallel strands and features complementary base pairing, where adenine pairs with thymine (A–T) and guanine pairs with cytosine (G–C).

Create a free account and access millions of resources

Create resources

Host any resource

Get auto-graded reports

Continue with Google

Continue with Email

Continue with Classlink

Continue with Clever

or continue with

Microsoft

Apple

Others

Already have an account?

Similar Resources on Wayground

54 questions

Network Components and Protocols

Flashcard

•

11th Grade

49 questions

Keywords and definitions

Flashcard

•

10th Grade

31 questions

Concepts of Food Chains and Ecosystems

Flashcard

•

KG

31 questions

Circulatory System Anatomy

Flashcard

•

11th Grade

47 questions

Câu Hỏi Về Cụm Từ Tiếng Anh

Flashcard

•

University

42 questions

Entrepreneurship Reviewer

Flashcard

•

12th Grade

45 questions

Ôn Tập Kiểm Tra Giữa Kỳ I TIN

Flashcard

•

11th Grade

48 questions

Đề cương Địa cho em San

Flashcard

•

11th Grade

Popular Resources on Wayground

25 questions

Multiplication Facts

Quiz

•

5th Grade

15 questions

4:3 Model Multiplication of Decimals by Whole Numbers

Quiz

•

5th Grade

10 questions

The Best Christmas Pageant Ever Chapters 1 & 2

Quiz

•

4th Grade

12 questions

Unit 4 Review Day

Quiz

•

3rd Grade

20 questions

Christmas Trivia

Quiz

•

6th - 8th Grade

18 questions

Kids Christmas Trivia

Quiz

•

KG - 5th Grade

14 questions

Christmas Trivia

Quiz

•

5th Grade

15 questions

Solving Equations with Variables on Both Sides Review

Quiz

•

8th Grade

Discover more resources for Biology

20 questions

Stages of Meiosis

Quiz

•

9th - 12th Grade

20 questions

AP Biology: Unit 3 Review (CED)

Quiz

•

9th - 12th Grade

14 questions

AP Biology: Unit 4 Review (CED)

Quiz

•

9th - 12th Grade

65 questions

Unit 4 Heredity Review

Quiz

•

9th - 12th Grade

60 questions

Georgia Biology EOC

Quiz

•

9th - 12th Grade

20 questions

Cell Transport

Quiz

•

9th - 12th Grade

30 questions

Unit 3 Retake Part 1

Quiz

•

9th - 12th Grade

14 questions

Protein Synthesis

Lesson

•

9th - 12th Grade