The Enlightenment and Europe's Heritage of Ideas

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What ancient cultures influenced modern ideas in Europe?

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Ancient Greeks, Romans, religious traditions, and European philosophers.

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What form of government did Athens develop in the 400s B.C.E.?

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Direct democracy, where everyday people gathered to decide government matters.

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What is a republic, as developed by early Rome?

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A form of government where citizens elect leaders to hold office and rule through them.

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What is the rule of law in Roman government?

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The idea that the law should apply to everyone equally, forming the basis of the American legal system.

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What was the Jewish covenant with God?

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An agreement where God promised to protect the Jews in return for following God's laws.

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What are the Ten Commandments?

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A set of laws given to Moses, teaching important ideas about right and wrong, influencing many countries' laws.

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Who was Jesus and what was his message?

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A Jewish preacher in Judaea and Galilee, who spoke of love and forgiveness, leading to the rise of Christianity.

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How did Christianity spread in Europe?

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It spread to the European part of the Roman Empire and became Rome's religion by 400 C.E.

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What contributions did Muslim and Jewish scholars make during the Middle Ages?

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They saved ancient world learning and made advances in mathematics and medicine.

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What role did universities play in the Middle Ages?

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They were independent groups of scholars that pursued knowledge in various fields, including law and medicine.