Islamic and Mesoamerican Civilizations

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Umayyad

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a member of a Muslim dynasty that ruled the Islamic world from AD 660 (or 661) to 750 and Moorish Spain from 756 to 1031.

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Abbasid

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relating to a dynasty of caliphs who ruled in Baghdad from 750 to 1258.

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Sunnis

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the larger of the two main branches of Islam, differing from Shia in its understanding of the Sunna, its conception of religious leadership, and its acceptance of the first three caliphs.

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Shia

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one of the two main branches of Islam, followed especially in Iran, rejecting the first three Sunni caliphs and regards Ali, the fourth caliph, as Muhammad's first true successor.

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Caliph

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the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad.

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Mali Empire

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the largest empire in West Africa, widely influencing the culture of the region through the spread of its language, laws, and customs.

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Mansa Musa

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the ruler of the kingdom of Mali from 1312 CE to 1337.

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Tenochtitlan

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a large Mexican altepetl in what is now the historic center of Mexico City.

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Songhai Empire

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a state located in the western part of the Sahel during the 15th and 16th centuries.

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Mayans

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an ancient Mesoamerican civilization known for their advanced cultural, architectural, and mathematical achievements.