Organizing the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground), "Focus vs. background".

Grouping nearby figures together, "Near means together".

Grouping similar figures together, "Alike means together".

Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events, "Focus spotlight".

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, "Choosing focus".

Cocktail Party Effect

Ability to attend to only one voice among many, "Focus in noise".

Inattentional Blindness

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere, "Unseen when distracted".

Failing to notice changes in the environment, "Unnoticed changes".

Depth cues that depend on the use of two eyes, "Two-eye depth".

A binocular cue for perceiving depth; by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance, "Eyes' view difference".

A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object, "Eyes converge".

Depth cues available to either eye alone, "One-eye depth".

A monocular cue for perceiving depth; hazy objects are farther away than sharp, clear objects, "Fuzzy is far".

A monocular cue that smaller objects are perceived as more distant, "Smaller is farther".

A gradual change from coarse, distinct texture to fine, indistinct texture signals increasing distance, "Rough close, smooth far".

Parallel lines appear to converge with distance, "Lines meet with distance".

If one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer, "Blocking view means closer".

Perceptual Constancies

Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change, "Consistent perception".

The perception that a stationary object is moving, "Illusion of motion".

A mental image or best example of a category, "Best example".

Categories of information stored in the memory, "Information folders".

Incorporating new experiences into our current understanding (schema), "Adding to existing".

Adjusting a schema to incorporate new information, "Updating framework".

Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution, "Fail-proof method".

Shortcuts or rules of thumb for problem-solving; faster than algorithms but not guaranteed to work, "Quick guess".

Representativeness Heuristic

Judging likelihood based on how well an example represents a specific category, "Stereotype guess".

Diagrams illustrating concepts of proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, area, and symmetry.

This flashcard contains a diagram.

Availability Heuristic

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common. "Memory-based guess".

The tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed and unchanging. "Limited use view".

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. "Quiz yourself benefit".

Thinking about thinking; awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes. "Self-reflection on thinking".

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. "Problem-solving ability".

Ensuring that the conditions for administering a test are the same for all participants, so that scores are comparable. "Uniform conditions".

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. "Accuracy of measurement".

The extent to which a test measures the theoretical construct it is intended to measure. "Theory alignment".

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. "Future behavior predictor".

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms, or on retesting. "Consistency of scores".

Test-Retest Reliability

The consistency of scores on a test over time. "Score stability".

Split-Half Reliability

The extent to which all parts of the test contribute equally to what is being measured. "Internal consistency".

A tendency to approach situations in a certain way because that method worked in the past. "Fixed approach".

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. "Memory trigger".

The way an issue is posed; framing can significantly affect decisions and judgments. "Perspective spin".

The belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn’t occurred recently. "Misguided luck belief".

The tendency to continue an endeavor once an investment in money, effort, or time has been made. "Throwing good after bad".

Unit 2 Vocab Flashcards

Student preview

97 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Perception

Back

Interpretation of sensory input, 'Reality interpretation'.

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Bottom-up Processing

Back

Analysis starting with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information, 'Details first'.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Top-down Processing

Back

Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, drawing on our experiences and expectations, 'Expectation driven'.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Schema

Back

Framework that organizes and interprets information, 'Mental blueprint'.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Perceptual Set

Back

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another, 'Expectation bias'.

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Gestalt Psychology

Back

An approach emphasizing that the whole of anything is greater than its parts, 'Whole over parts'.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Closure

Back

The perceptual tendency to mentally complete incomplete figures, "Filling the gaps".

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