The growth of cities/suburbs into the adjacent land/hinterland.

A city that has great economic/cultural influence upon the world.

What is the top 5 largest cities in the world?

1. Tokyo, Japan 2. Delhi, India 3. Shanghai, China 4. Dhaka, Bangladesh 5. Cairo, Egypt

How many people live in cities

Over 4 billion people globally, more than half the global population.

What is the current global pattern of urbanisation?

Urbanisation is accelerating worldwide at rapid rates, especially in less developed areas. More developed regions have a more stable urbanisation. About 5 billion people will live in urban areas by 2030.

Which continent has experienced the greatest rate of change of urbanisation between 1960 and 2020?

Africa has witnessed rapid urbanization in recent years. The allure of improved economic prospects and better infrastructure has led to a significant influx of people into urban areas.

Identify some pull factors

- Employment opportunities - Promise of higher standard of living - Entertainment - Medical and health facilities - Educational opportunities - Abundance of natural and artificial resources - Quicker access to places

Identify some push factors

- Landlessness - War and civil disobedience - Corruption - Rapid population growth - Rural poverty - Lack of educational opportunity - Lack of jobs - Scarce natural and artificial resources - Far away from opportunities and resources e,g hospitals

Give an example of an urban city with 3 pull factors

Tokyo, Japan 1. Tokyo has an abundance of economic and career opportunities with high salaries and a thriving industry 2. Tokyo has very efficient public transport and high safety/low crime rates 3. Tokyo is home to top universities providing high quality education, with the newest technology accessible to citizens

Give an example of a place with 3 push factors, and where people move to

Rural Bangladesh 1. There is a lack of stable employment, and jobs have low wages ($1 a day) resulting in poverty 2. Natural disasters are common in Bangladesh such as floods and cyclones posing a risk to citizen's lives 3. Lack of public services like healthcare, education and sanitation These push factors have forced citizens to move to more urban areas like the capital Dhaka.

List the consequences of urbanisation

Poverty: a lack of access to employment results in poverty. Many people are forced to make a living by sorting waste for recyclables, begging in the streets or resorting to crime. High unemployment: the number of people from rural areas often exceeds the number of jobs available. Many people cope by working in the informal economy such as street vendors. Governance: Corruption can be common where laws protecting the public and environment are not fully enforced. Too little water; water often contaminated: increased demand leads to greater pressure on existing sources. Groundwater and local waterways are under greater pressure as they become polluted by untreated sewerage and industrial waste. Poor-quality, over-crowded housing: a lack of affordable housing forces people to crowd into slums or squatter settlements, often illegal, self-built and located on unused land. Most areas even lack the most basic services such as water, electricity, and sewerage. Inadequate infrastructure: existing infrastructure unable to cope with increased usage leading to failing systems. Over-crowded education and health facilities: hospitals and schools facing increasing demand and building new facilities can be expensive. Environmental issues: dumped rubbish in streets and waterways often remains uncollected. Open spaces become taken over by squatter settlements.

Describe China's urban growth and its cause

China's urban growth has been accelerating for many decades due to the large population growth Birthrates in China dominated death rates, resulting in a young, big population

How did China control this growth?

To control it, the Chinese government adopted the strategy of limiting the size of larger cities, whilst developing middle-sized cities and encouraging the growth of small cities. Over recent years, China's population has also began to shrink, shrinking the last 3 consecutive years Hence, China's urban spatial pattern is quite widespread, with clusters of all sizes of urban cities

Describe the population spatial distribution in China

Eastern China has a much higher population and density than Western

Give 3 reasons why East China has a much higher population than Western China

1. In the early 80s, China established special economic zones on the Eastern coast which offered incentives to foreign companies to open businesses in China without government restrictions, leading to huge economic growth and employment opportunities 2. Also, the Eastern side is next to the ocean providing much more valuable opportunities, natural resources and trade routes promising a higher quality of life This is why the coast is densely populated, with only 6% of the population living on the Western side 3. As urbanisation grows on the Eastern side more successfully, more rural-urban migration occurs furthermore increasing the population on the Eastern side of China

Give an economic, social and environmental positive and negative consequence of urbanization in China

Positive Consequences: Economic: Increased job opportunities and higher wages due to industrial growth and foreign investment. Social: Improved access to healthcare, education, and infrastructure, enhancing overall living standards. Environmental: More efficient land use and development of sustainable urban planning initiatives. Negative Consequences: Economic: Rising income inequality between urban and rural areas, leading to economic disparity. Social: Overcrowding and strain on public services, contributing to housing shortages and social tensions. Environmental: Increased pollution and environmental degradation due to rapid industrialization and urban expansion.

a rural city that supports smaller surrounding towns with services

Relocating from the city to the coast

A measure of the economic wellbeing of people

A relocation from the city to a rural or regional area

Describe Australia's urbanisation (and growth)

Since the 1960s, Australia's urbanisation rate has consistently been above 80%, reaching 86.36% in 2021. Australia is one of the most urbanized countries in the world due to high rates of immigration, but it has one of the lowest pop densities due to the large area of the country.

Describe Australia's spatial pattern and distribution of the population

Australia's spatial distribution is heavily imbalanced, with most of the population residing on the Eastern/South-eastern coasts and the South-western coast.

Describe the physical, historical and economic causes of Australia's population distribution and spatial pattern.

Physical: The interior of Australia is mostly desert, with a harsh, arid climate making it less suitable for urbanization and growth, while the coasts have high rainfall and natural resources, more suitable for urban growth. Historical: historical European settlement patterns established the early ports along the coasts, which have flourished from then Economic: From settlement, coastal shipping and maritime trade was a major factor of the Europeans economy in Australia. These coasts still are the major ports for trade and exports.

Examine the economic, social and environmental consequences of urbanization in Australia

Economic : Increased urbanisation leads to a surge in housing demand, making houses less affordable for citizens. Also, there are higher living costs due to raised prices of resources because of demand. Social : Urban expansion has led to the development of isolated communities, while traffic congestion has increased. Environmental: Deforestation, pollution and climate change

Urbanisation Flashcards

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34 questions

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1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Urbanisation

Back

The process of people moving from rural to urban/more developed areas.

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Developing world

Back

The less developed, poorer and middle income nations.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Developed world

Back

The higher income, industrialized nations.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Infrastructure

Back

Physical structures that help provide essential services to a community e.g hospitals, schools, roads.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Mega city

Back

A city of more than 10 million people.

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Pull factors

Back

Events/phenomena that encourage people to move to an area

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Push factors

Back

Events/phenomena that encourage people to move away from an area

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