AP Chem Vocab (F-Z)

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formal charge

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Charge assigned to an atom in a molecule; valence electrons - dots - sticks or valence electrons - lone pairs - bonds

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forward rate

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rate of the reaction creating products from reactants

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frequency

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the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

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galvanic cell

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device in which chemical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction is changed to electrical energy that can be used to do work; also known as a voltaic cell

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Gibbs free energy

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The energy in a system that can be used to drive chemical reactions. If the change in free energy of a reaction (Delta G, the free energy of the products minus the free energy of the energy of the reactants) is negative, the reaction will occur spontaneously.

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gravimetric analysis

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a type of quantitative analysis in which the amount of a species in a material is determined by converting the species to a product that can be isolated completely and weighed

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half-life

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the amount of time required for half of a sample of a radioisotope to decay

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Hess's Law

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the overall enthalpy change in a reaction is equal to the sum of enthalpy changes for the individual steps in the process

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heterogeneous mixture

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any combination of substances that does not have uniform composition and properties; a mixture of physically distinct substances with different properties

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homogeneous mixture

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A mixture in which substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture