Research Methods in Psychology

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Null Hypotheses (H0)

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Predicts no difference will be found in the results between conditions. Typically written as "There will be no difference..."

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Systematic Sampling

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A system is used to select participants, such as picking every Nth person from all possible participants.

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Snowball sampling

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Researchers find a few participants, who then find more participants themselves.

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Quota sampling

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Ensuring the sample fits certain quotas, such as finding a specific number of unemployed participants.

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Operationalization of variables

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Making variables measurable or quantifiable for easy testing and replication.

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Role of dependent variable

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To provide measurable outcomes of the experiment.

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Ensuring reliable findings

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Operationalizing variables and controlling extraneous factors.

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Example of a measurable variable

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Counting smiles as a measure of happiness.

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Diagram showing the relationship between independent and dependent variables, including extraneous variables and controls.

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Illustrates how variables influence each other in an experiment.

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Examples of extraneous variables

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Natural characteristics like intelligence, gender, age, or situational features like lighting or noise.