research methods prt2

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an experimental design in which participants are assigned to different groups or conditions, and the dependent variable is measured only after the treatment or intervention has been administered. This design helps to assess the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable without the influence of a pretest.

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Posttest-Only Design

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an experimental design that involves measuring participants on the dependent variable before and after the intervention. This design allows researchers to assess changes in the dependent variable and helps to determine the effectiveness of the treatment. It can also control for individual differences among participants since each participant serves as their own control.

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Pretest-Posttest Design

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an experimental design in which different participants are assigned to each condition of the experiment

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Independent Groups Design

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an experimental design in which the same participants are used in all conditions of the experiment.

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Repeated Measures

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the degree to which a test or instrument measures the theoretical construct it claims to measure

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Construct Validity

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the degree to which the conclusions drawn from statistical analyses are accurate and reliable.

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Statistical Validity

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the extent to which the findings of a study can be generalized to, or have relevance for, settings, people, times, and measures outside the study

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External Validity

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The extent to which a study can establish a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables. It assesses whether changes in the dependent variable can be attributed to manipulations of the independent variable rather than to other confounding variables.

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Internal validity

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refer to cues or signals in an experiment that may influence participants' behavior. These cues can lead participants to guess the purpose of the study and alter their responses accordingly, which can bias the results. Researchers strive to minimize demand characteristics to ensure that participants behave naturally

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Demand Characteristics

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when a researcher's expectations or beliefs inadvertently influence the outcome of an experiment. This can happen through subtle cues or behaviors, such as tone of voice or body language, which may lead participants to respond in ways that confirm the experimenter's hypotheses. To mitigate this, researchers can use double-blind designs where neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving which treatment.

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Experimenter Bias